两段式花生摘果特性试验研究

为探明两段式收获条件下花生摘果特性,提高花生联合收获机的收获质量,以江苏宿迁地区天府9号为试验对象,应用室内与田间试验相结合的研究方法,研究收获期影响摘果特性的主要因素,揭示花生荚果含水率、晾晒时间、果柄力学特性和摘果作业质量的内在关系。结果表明:基于不同的试验条件与方法,果柄拉断力有所差异,但随晾晒时间(含水率)变化趋势一致,在晾晒2~3天时,果柄拉断力达到峰值,且秧柄节点拉断力大于果柄节点;确定最佳摘果时间为晾晒5~6天,并经捡拾联合收获机摘果试验验证。研究结果为摘果装置的结构参数和运动参数提供了直接依据,并为两段式收获模式下最佳捡拾摘果时间提供了参考,同时为深入研究摘果效率与摘果损失提供了参考。     

Laboratory vs. in situ resin‐core methods to estimate net nitrogen mineralization for comparison of rotation and tillage practices

Properly estimating soil nitrogen (N) mineralization as a consequence of different agronomic practices would result in better soil N fertility management. In this study, we tested the differences between laboratory and in situ resin‐core incubation methods for estimating soil net N mineralization for long‐term burley tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L .) tillage and rotation systems. The laboratory incubation method used crushed, homogenized, litter‐free soil samples, and the in situ resin‐core incubation method used an intact soil core with the inclusion of any plant residue below or above ground. Comparisons showed that no‐tillage had significantly increased soil net N mineralization compared to conventional tillage with the laboratory incubation method, while there was no significant difference between tillage methods with the in situ resin‐core method. This indicates that soil pretreatment in the laboratory incubation method can create an “artificial tillage effect” for soil previously managed with no‐tillage, resulting in overestimated soil net N mineralization. The rotation comparison showed that different crop sequences had no impact on measured net N mineralization with the laboratory incubation method. However, a preceding soybean crop did significantly increase net soil N mineralization compared to preceding corn when measured with the in situ resin‐core method. This suggests that discarding plant residue in the laboratory incubation method can neglect the potential effect of plant residue on soil N mineralization. Therefore, it is important to be aware that soil pretreatment may influence soil N mineralization estimates, potentially resulting in flawed decisions for soil N fertility management.     

杨木单板层积木一步和二步压制方法的比较

本文研究了两种制造单板层积木(LVL)的方法:一步压制法,将12张单板一次热压或冷压成厚板;二步压制法,先用热固胶将4张单板热压成薄板,然后将3块薄板用冷固胶冷压成12层厚板.结果证明,二步压制的LVL质量较好,特别是厚度方向的力学性能的均匀性好.     

二段冷却与一段冷却对冷却肉损耗的影响

通过对应用一段冷却和二段冷却方法的冷却肉的冷却温度、损耗的测定和比较,得出二段冷却的冷却肉温度下降较快和肉质损耗低的结论。     

预处理对稻草秸秆纤维素酶解产糖及纤维素木质素含量的影响

采用酸处理、碱处理和机械粉碎3种方法对稻草秸秆进行预处理。探讨3种预处理方法对稻草秸秆酶解产糖以及纤维素、木质素含量的影响。结果表明,3种预处理都可以较为有效地提高稻草秸秆的酶解产糖率。经酸处理、碱处理和机械粉碎处理后,稻草秸秆的最高酶解产糖率分别为9.25%,33.16%和10.64%,分别约为对照的3.4倍、12.0倍和4.0倍。酸处理和碱处理可以去除部分杂质,达到纯化稻草秸秆的目的,提高纤维素酶的作用底物——纤维素的比例,从而提高酶解产糖率;而机械粉碎则主要是通过提高酶反应的接触面积来达到提高酶解产糖率的作用。     

Plant Regeneration from in vitro Cultured Anthers of Black Mustard (Brassica nigra Koch)

Anthers of Brassica nigra, excised from fresh as well as cold-pretreated (3 days at 3 ± 2°C) buds cultivated on modified B₅ medium (Gamborg et al. 1968) containing sucrose level varying from 2 % to 10 %, along with 1O^?6M BAP (benzylaminopurine) and 9 × 10^?6M 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), developed calli and/or embryos. The latter response was observed only in anthers reared on media containing 6 % or higher levels of sucrose. On media containing two or four per cent sucrose, the anthers produced calli, exclusively. The growth of embryos was inhibited or else they started callusing if left on the media containing higher levels of sucrose. However, on transfer to MS medium (Murashige and Skoog 1962), containing 2 % sucrose, embryos started callusing and subsequently a few secondary embryos differentiated. Such embryos were sub-cultured on MS + 5 × 10^?6M BAP + 2 % sucrose, wherein numerous shoots developed from embryos. The shoots were rooted by transferring to a medium containing 5 × 10^?6M NAA (naphthalene acetic acid). Within two months of culture, some of these plants started flowering in vitro.     

温,湿度条件及不同种子处理对棉籽吸胀冷害的影响

棉籽在4－5℃条件下吸水，发生吸胀冷害的程度随吸水速度的加快而减轻，随吸水时间的延长而加重；在10-12℃、18－20℃的水中吸水分别超过16小时、12小时，会因吸水时间过长使部分棉籽的种子活力降低，而使正常发芽率降低。经温汤浸种和预冷处理的棉籽能耐72小时0－5℃的低温，且耐较长时间低温的能力强于干籽与晾干籽；干籽、晾干籽能耐24小时0－2℃的低温，且干籽耐短时间低温的能力强于湿籽。     

微射流均质预处理提高大豆分离蛋白酶解效率及酶解产物乳化性能

为了探讨微射流均质预处理对大豆分离蛋白酶解效率及酶解产物乳化性能的影响,该文研究比较了微射流均质预处理前后大豆分离蛋白酶解产物的理化性质(水解度、亚基组成、蛋白溶解性、表面疏水性和分子量分布)和乳化性能(通过测定分析样品乳状液的平均粒径和微观结构评估样品的乳化性能)的变化。研究表明:大豆分离蛋白经过微射流均质预处理后采用木瓜蛋白酶水解,其酶解产物(水解度为1.7%)与对照大豆分离蛋白和未经预处理的酶解产物相比,在较低浓度下(30 g/L)制备出粒径细小的稳定乳状液(体积平均粒径≈1.6μm)。微射流均质预处理提高了大豆分离蛋白中α-7S和A-11S亚基的酶解敏感性,使酶解产物在水解度1.3%~1.7%范围内蛋白溶解性显著增加(P0.05),同时保持较高的表面疏水性值,与未经预处理的酶解产物相比形成了更多具有界面活性的可溶性多肽(分子量主要分布在11.3 k Da左右),在乳化过程中可有效防止乳液滴间发生桥联絮凝。因此微射流均质预处理是一种辅助提高大豆蛋白酶解效率和酶解产物乳化性能行之有效的方法。研究结果可为大豆蛋白深加工蛋白乳化剂提供理论和方法参考。     

竹粉的稀硫酸预处理及酶解技术研究

采用稀酸对竹粉进行预处理,结果表明竹粉酶解的最佳优化条件为:温度125℃,固液比最佳比值为1:10,硫酸浓度为4%,预处理时间为2 h,经过酶处理以后,其竹粉水解率达57.99%,半纤维素水解达70.18%.     

油茶壳活性炭的制备工艺研究

以油茶壳为原料,采用直接炭化和二步炭化法制备活性炭,探讨炭化温度和保温时间对活性炭产品得率、亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值的影响。研究结果表明,随着炭化温度的升高,直接炭化法制得的油茶壳活性炭的吸附性能呈先升后降的趋势;二步炭化法随着保温时间的延长,活性炭的吸附性能呈不断上升的趋势,在较优的工艺条件下,活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值为210.0 mg.g-1和1 016.2 mg.g-1。二步炭化有利于进一步提高直接炭化的油茶壳活性炭的吸附性能,制得吸附性能良好的活性炭材料。