秸秆还田方式对砂姜黑土有机碳组分和孔隙结构的影响

砂姜黑土容重高、土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)含量低是限制作物产量的关键因子,秸秆还田能有效改善土壤结构,提高土壤有机碳含量。为探明砂姜黑土区适宜的秸秆还田方式,进一步培肥改良耕地地力,该研究利用砂姜黑土连续6 a耕作与秸秆还田定位试验,探究不同秸秆还田方式(免耕还田、旋耕还田、深翻还田)对砂姜黑土不同土层(0～10、>10～20、>20～40 cm)有机碳及其组分颗粒有机碳(particulate organic carbon,POC)、矿物结合态有机碳(mineral-associated organic carbon,MAOC)和孔隙结构的影响。研究结果表明:在0～10 cm土层内,3种还田方式下SOC及其组分、土壤总孔隙度和大孔隙度(>50 μm)均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与旋耕还田相比,免耕还田使>10～20和>20～40 cm土层SOC含量分别降低了14.1%、23.7%(P<0.05),对>10～40 cm土层内孔隙结构特征参数无显著影响(P>0.05);与旋耕还田相比,深翻还田使&...     

麦秸秆全量还田下耕整地方式对机插水稻产量和品质的影响

为探索麦秸秆全量还田条件下实现水稻增产、品质提高的适宜耕整地方式,于2021-2022年开展大田试验,以迟熟中粳水稻南粳5 718为材料,在麦秸秆全量还田和不还田条件下,设置一体化旱地双轴旋耕整地（T1）、旱地单轴旋耕+水田单轴旋耕整地（T2）、水田单轴旋耕整地（T3）3种耕整地方式,研究麦秸秆还田量与耕整地方式以及两者互作对机插水稻产量和品质特征的影响。结果表明,与麦秸秆不还田相比,麦秸秆全量还田下的水稻产量在T1方式下增加4.54%～5.45%(P<0.05),在T2和T3方式下降低。3种耕整地方式水稻产量在麦秸秆不还田下表现为T2>T1>T3,在麦秸秆全量还田下表现为T1>T2>T3,其中麦秸秆全量还田下T1处理较麦秸秆不还田的T2处理产量有所提高,但无显著差异。这一结果可能与麦秸秆全量还田与T1处理互作降低了稻田土壤容重、增加了耕作深度和土壤Eh有关,从而促进了水稻有效穗数的增加,提高了成熟期干物质积累量和收获指数,实现了水稻产量的增加。麦秸秆全量还田较不还田降低了各耕整地方式下稻米的垩白面积和垩白度,改善了稻米外观品质;降低了稻米的直链淀粉含量,...     

不同植被类型下草本群落与土壤因子的关系

[目的]在黄土高原大规模植被恢复重建的背景下,揭示贴地草本群落与耕作层土壤理化性质的协同发育及相互关系对恢复植被的可持续性发展尤为重要。[方法]以陕北绥德辛店沟小流域不同植被恢复类型下草本群落为研究对象,通过野外布设样方采集土壤标本,测定群落盖度,物种信息等指标,辅以室内试验和统计分析的办法,分析了不同植被类型下草本群落特征、土壤因子及其响应关系。[结果](1)陕北小流域不同植被恢复类型下草本层的Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数四项指数总体差异显著,荒地、灌丛地>乔灌混交林>人工草地、乔木林(p<0.05)。(2)土壤因子与草本群落生物量、群落盖度、叶功能性状呈现出显著相关关系(p<0.05),且在不同植被类型下草地样方的响应中南坡优于北坡。(3) RDA排序分析发现,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量、土壤容重和土壤最大持水量是影响草本群落生长发育的关键因子。[结论]灌丛地、乔灌混交林和荒地中草地生态稳定性及水土保持功能性优于其他植被恢复模式。     

退化马尾松林恢复过程中芒萁覆盖对土壤微生物生物量碳氮及其周转的影响

为探究侵蚀退化红壤马尾松林恢复过程中林下芒萁对土壤微生物生物量碳氮月动态及其周转的影响,以不同恢复年限的马尾松林为研究对象,对比分析马尾松林恢复过程中林下保留芒萁、去除芒萁处理和林下裸地土壤中12个月的土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物量氮(MBN)含量及其周转速率、周转时间和流通量,并分析其与土壤理化性状的关系。结果表明:(1)保留芒萁覆盖处理的MBC和MBN平均含量分布比林下裸地提高26.99%~277.31%和13.54%~173.39%,而去除芒萁处理分布比保留芒萁处理降低12.29%~27.01%和5.02%~28.45%,差异均随恢复年限呈先降低后增加的趋势。(2)所有处理的土壤微生物量碳氮季节动态均表现为春夏季较高,秋冬季较低的趋势,进入生长季前的土壤微生物量碳氮含量更能反映该地区的平均水平。(3)在退化马尾松林恢复过程中,芒萁覆盖降低土壤微生物生物量碳氮周转速率,增加周转时间,提高土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量和流通量,促进土壤有机质的积累和养分释放。相关分析和逐步回归分析表明,MBC、MBN流通量分别与DOC、DON呈显著正相关,周转速率分别与铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)和TN呈显著负相关,表明土壤碳和氮及其有效性是影响土壤微生物量周转的关键因素。     

Greenhouse gas emissions from Silphium perfoliatum and silage maize cropping on Stagnosols

Background

The sustainability of bioenergy is strongly affected by direct field-derived greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and indirect emissions form land-use change. Marginal land in low mountain ranges is suitable for feedstock production due to small impact on indirect land-use change. However, these sites are vulnerable to high N₂O emissions because of their fine soil texture and hydrology.

Aims

The perennial cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) might outperform silage maize (Zea mays L.) on cold, wet low mountain ranges sites regarding yield and ecosystem services. The aim of this study was to assess whether the cultivation of cup plant also provides GHG mitigation potential compared to the cultivation of maize.

Methods

A t-year field experiment was conducted in a low mountain range region in western Germany to compare area and yield-scaled GHG emissions from cup plant and maize fields. GHG emissions were quantified using the closed chamber method.

Results

Cup plant fields emitted an average of 3.6 ± 4.3 kg N₂O-N ha^–1 year^–1 (–85%) less than maize fields. This corresponded to 74.0 ± 94.1 g CO_2-eq kWh^–1 (–78%) less emissions per produced electrical power. However, cup plant had a significantly lower productivity per hectare (–34%) and per unit of applied nitrogen (–32%) than maize.

Conclusion

Cup plant as a feedstock reduces direct field-derived GHG emissions compared to maize but, due to lower yields cup plant, likely increases emissions associated with land-use changes. Therefore, the increased sustainability of bioenergy from biogas by replacing maize with cup plant is heavily dependent on the performance of maize at these sites and on the ecosystem services of cup plant in addition to GHG savings.     

Moderate nitrogen retention in temperate heath ecosystem after elevated CO2, drought and warming through 7 years

Nitrogen (N) dynamic is one of the main controlling factors of responses to climate change in N-limited terrestrial ecosystems, which rely on nutrient recycling and retention. In this study we investigate the N partitioning in ecosystem compartments of a grassland heath, and the impact of multiple climate change factors on long-term N retention after ¹⁵N pulse labelling. The impacts of elevated carbon dioxide (eCO₂), warming and drought and the treatments in combination on ecosystem N retention were investigated in a field scale manipulation experiment. A 6-year time-course was assessed by pulse-labelling with the stable N isotope ¹⁵N and by sampling after 1 day, 1 year and 6 years. After 6 years we observed that the total ecosystem retained 42% of the amended ¹⁵N across treatments (recovery of the amended ¹⁵N in the pool). The fate of the applied ¹⁵N was mainly stabilization in soil, with 36% ¹⁵N recovery in soil, while the plant compartment and microbial biomass each retained only 1%–2% of the added ¹⁵N. This suggests a moderate retention of N, for all treatments, as compared to similar long-term studies of forest ecosystems. A decreased ammonium and vegetation N pool combined with higher ¹⁵N retention in the soil under eCO₂ treatments suggests that eCO₂ promoted processes that immobilize N in soil, while warming counteracted this when combined with eCO₂. Drought treatments contrastingly increased the vegetation N pool. We conclude that as the organic soil layer has the main capacity for N storage in a temperate heathland-grassland, it is important for buffering nutrient availability and maintaining a resilient ecosystem. However, the full treatment combination of drought, warming and eCO₂ did not differ in ¹⁵N recovery from the control, suggesting unchanged long-term consequences of climate change on retention of pulse added N in this ecosystem.     

高光谱遥感估测大豆冠层生长和籽粒产量的探讨

现代作物育种需要监测大量育种材料的生长并估测产量潜势, 高光谱遥感技术为此提供了简单、快捷、非损伤性测定的可能途径。选取30份大豆育成品种进行连续2年的产量比较试验, 在盛花期(R2)、盛荚期(R4)和鼓粒始期(R5)测定地上部生物量(ADM)和叶面积指数(LAI), 并利用ASD高光谱地物仪同步收集大豆冠层反射光谱信息。供试品种间ADM、LAI和产量差异显著或极显著。不同生育期可见光和近红外区域的光谱反射率与大豆ADM、LAI及产量均有显著相关, 尤其在R4和R5期相关性最高。在构建大量光谱参数的基础上, 遴选出对ADM、LAI及产量预测精度较好的回归模型。其中, R5期的P_Area560光谱参数与LAI和R4期的V_Area1450光谱参数与ADM构建的两个生长性状的监测模型效果最好, 决定系数(R²)分别为0.582和0.692。未发现单一生育期光谱参数对大豆估产的有效模型, 但综合R2期NPH1280、R4期V_Area1190以及R5期NPH560构建的产量估测模型, 决定系数(R²)达到0.68, 效果较好。本研究     

杨树伐桩嫁接与植苗林的生长及碳储量的比较

The leaf nutrient, biomass and carbon reserve of 9-year-old Populus×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’ stump grafting stand with 26-year-old P.×xiaozhuanica W.Y.Hsu et Liang cv.‘Popularis’as rootstock, 26-year-old P.×xiaozhuanica W.Y.Hsu et Liang cv.‘Popularis’ and 9-year-old P.×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’ planting stands were compared. The result showed that the average increment and the annual average increment of stump grafting stand were greater than the two planting stands. The total nitrogen content in leaves of stump grafting stand was the highest, and it was 1.26 times and 1.05 times as much as that of the planting stands of Populus×xiaozhuanica W.Y.Hsu et Liang cv.‘Popularis’ and P.×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’ separately. The total phosphorus content of stump grafting stand was 1.3 times as much as that of planting stand of 26-year-old P.×xiaozhuanica W.Y.Hsu et Liang cv.‘Popularis’, but there was little difference between stump graftin stand and planting stand of 9-year-old P.×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’. The total potassium of stump grafting stand was 46.6% and 95.8% lesser than that of the planting stands of P.×xiaozhuanica W.Y.Hsu et Liang cv.‘Popularis’ and P.×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’. The biomass of aerial parts and the biomasses of trunk, branches and leaves of stump grafting stand were 1.84, 1.80, 1.76, and 3.00 times as much as that of planting stand of P.×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’ separately. The total root biomass of the stump grafting stand was 1.42 times and 7.68 times as much as that of planting stands of 26-year-old P.×xiaozhuanica W.Y.Hsu et Liang cv.‘Popularis’ and 9-year-old P.×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’. There was an obvious advantage in carbon reserve from all the parts of the stump grafting stand and the carbon sequestration capacity was the highest, which was 2.66 times and 1.62 times as much as that of planting stands of 26-year-old P.×xiaozhuanica W.Y.Hsu et Liang cv.‘Popularis’ and 9-year-old P.×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’. These showed that the stump grafting stand had more advantages than planting stands.     

榆林沙区发展生物质能源植物长柄扁桃的前景分析

针对长柄扁桃具有的优良固沙、水土保持以及油料作物的特性,本文分析了榆林发展长柄扁桃生物质能源植物的社会背景、长柄扁桃在国内外开发利用现状和榆林沙区发展长柄扁桃生物质能源的优势等,阐述了榆林沙区发展长柄扁桃生物质能源和生态环境保护的重要性和现实意义。