干旱胁迫对3个不同品种大豆幼苗保护酶的影响

选择3个品种大豆垦农18、东农51和黑河38,对其幼苗进行自然干旱处理,并分别测定了SOD、POD和CAT活性.结果表明:不同品种的大豆幼苗在水胁迫过程中表现出不同的酶活性,耐旱系数为黑河38＞垦农18＞东农51.     

轻便型高地隙喷杆喷雾机大豆田间施药试验

针对大豆作物生长中后期施药难、施药效果差的问题,设计了一种轮距1600～1750mm可调、地隙800mm、轴距2000mm、喷幅8000mm、具有风幕辅助喷雾系统的轻便型高地隙喷杆喷雾机,并进行了田间施药试验。试验结果表明：在作业速度4km/h时,通过提高喷雾压力可使大豆冠层叶片正面的雾滴覆盖率在上层提高19.0个百分点,中层提高17.0个百分点,下层增加不到5个百分点;叶片背面的雾滴覆盖率在上层提高5.5个百分点,中层提高2.3个百分点,下层增加不足1.0个百分点。通过更换喷嘴而提高雾滴的喷施量可以使大豆冠层叶片正面的雾滴覆盖率在上层提高210个百分点、中层提高26.0个百分点,下层提高10.0个百分点;叶片背面的雾滴覆盖率在上层提高5.0个百分点,中层提高1.0个百分点,下层无显著影响。当风幕出口风速为11.5m/s时,风幕系统能够使大豆冠层中部叶片正面雾滴覆盖率提高26.8个百分点,下部提高22.0个百分点,对大豆冠层上部叶片背面雾滴覆盖率提高23.1个百分点,中部提高18.1个百分点,下部提高8.4个百分点;风幕式施药技术能够有效提高雾滴在大豆冠层中的穿透性和分布均匀性,增加雾滴在植株各冠层叶片背面的附着率,但雾滴的地面流失率相对不使用风幕有所增加。     

数显式豆浆总固形物含量检测仪设计与试验

为了给豆浆总固形物含量的检测提供一种简单、便捷的仪器,首先研究了豆浆的总固形物含量(2.13~6.50 g/(100 m L))和温度(20~70℃)对其电导率的影响规律。结果说明,豆浆的电导率随总固形物含量和温度的增大而增大,可用二元二次模型表达豆浆的电导率与总固形物含量、温度的关系,该模型的决定系数为0.994。进而设计了以STC12C5A16S2单片机为控制器、以DJS-1型电导电极为电导率传感器、以DS18B20为温度传感器、以锂电池供电的便携式豆浆总固形物含量检测仪硬件系统。用C51语言设计了检测仪的软件,实现了数据的采集、处理和显示。对该检测仪的检验结果说明,当总固形物质量浓度在2.00~8.00 g/(100 m L)范围内时,该检测仪的总固形物含量测量误差为-0.52~0.37 g/(100 m L),平均绝对误差为0.17 g/(100 m L),响应时间小于5 s。     

The locus for resistance to Asian soybean rust in PI 587855

Asian soybean rust (ASR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi is one of the most serious soybean (Glycine max) diseases in tropical and subtropical areas. A soybean line, PI 587855, showed a resistance phenotype against ASR pathogens in Japan and South America at high frequency; however, little is known of the genetic control of this resistance and chromosomal location of the corresponding locus. Therefore, the aim of this study was to study the inheritance of PI 587855 resistance and map the corresponding locus with SSR markers aiming to use the linked markers in marker‐assisted selection. In the segregating population, resistance to ASR appeared to be controlled by a single dominant gene. The ASR resistance locus was mapped near to the chromosomal region where the resistant loci, Rpp1 and Rpp1‐b, were previously mapped. Comparative genetic mapping and disease reaction profiles of other seven lines carrying Rpp1 or Rpp1‐b to four Brazilian ASR isolates revealed that the resistance reaction exhibited by PI 587855 was similar to that of Rpp1‐b‐carrying varieties which have useful resistance to South American ASR strains.     

Identification of quantitative trait loci controlling soybean seed weight in recombinant inbred lines derived from PI 483463 (Glycine soja) × ‘Hutcheson’ (G. max)

The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling 100‐seed weight in soybean using 188 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from a cross of PI 483463 and ‘Hutcheson’. The parents and RILs were grown for 4 years (2010–2013), and mature, dry seeds were used for 100‐seed weight measurement. The variance components of genotype (a), environment (e) and a × e interactions for seed weight were highly significant. The QTL analysis identified 14 QTLs explaining 3.83–12.23% of the total phenotypic variation. One of the QTLs, qSW17‐2, was found to be the stable QTL, being identified in all the environments with high phenotypic variation as compared to the other QTLs. Of the 14 QTLs, 10 QTLs showed colocalization with the seed weight QTLs identified in earlier reports, and four QTLs, qSW5‐1, qSW14‐1, qSW15‐1 and qSW15‐2, found to be the novel QTLs. A two‐dimensional genome scan revealed 11 pairs of epistatic QTLs across 11 chromosomes. The QTLs identified in this study may be useful in genetic improvement of soybean seed weight.     

农杆菌介导大豆遗传转化研究进展及其应用

农杆菌介导是大豆遗传转化的主要手段。近几年来大豆遗传转化方法得到了快速发展,但是仍然存在受体基因型匮乏、转化效率低,再生系统不完善等问题,为了进一步探讨大豆遗传转化的主要问题和策略,本研究归纳了近年来农杆菌介导大豆遗传转化在受体基因型及外植体选择,菌株筛选,标记基因选用和培养基组成等方面所做的改进,以得出有效的解决方法。并且介绍了农杆菌介导大豆遗传转化在作物改良和功能基因组学上的应用。     

Soil Quality Assessment under Restorative Soil Management Practices in Soybean (Glycine Max) after Six Years in Semi-Arid Tropical Black Lands of Central India

Vertisol soils of central India are heavy in texture, with high clay content and low organic matter. These soils are prone to degradation and the soil loss is due to poor management practices including excessive tillage. Based on a long-term study conducted for improving the quality of these soils, it was found that management practice such as low tillage (LT) + 4 t ha^?1 compost + herbicide (Hb) recorded significantly higher organic carbon (OC) (6.22 g kg^?1) and available N (188.5 kg ha^?1) compared to conventional tillage (CT) + recommended fertilizer (RF) + off-season tillage (OT) + hand weeding (HW) (OC: 4.71 g kg^?1, available nitrogen (N) (159.3 kg ha^?1). Among the physical soil quality parameters, mean weight diameter (MWD) was significantly higher under LT + 4 t ha^?1 straw + Hb (0.59 mm). The practice of LT + 4 t ha^?1 straw + HW recorded significantly higher microbial biomass carbon (MBC) (388.8 μg g^?1). The order of key indicators and their contribution towards soil quality was as follows: OC (29%) >, MBC (27%) > available zinc (Zn) (22%) > MWD (9%) > available boron (B) (8%), > dehydrogenase activity (DHA) (5%). The order of the best treatment which maintained soil quality index (SQI) values reasonably good (>1.5) was as follows: LT + 4t ha^?1 compost + HW (1.65) > LT + 4 t ha^?1 compost +Hb (1.60) > LT + 4t ha^?1 straw + HW (1.50). Hence, these treatments could be recommended to the farmers for maintaining higher soil quality in Vertisols under soybean system. Correlation studies revealed stronger relationship between key indicators like OC (R² = 0.627), MBC (R² = 0.884), available Zn (R² = 0.739) and DHA (R² = 0.604) with Relative Soil Quality Index (RSQI). The results of the present study would be highly useful to the researchers, farmers and land managers.     

种植密度和种植方式对超高产大豆根系形态和活力的影响

【目的】比较种植密度和单播、混播种植方式对大豆超高产品种和普通品种根系形态和活力的影响。【方法】于2012和2013年在盆栽条件下,研究不同种植密度和单混种植处理对超高产品种辽豆14、中黄35和普通品种辽豆11根系形态、根系活力和伤流成分的影响。采用随机区组试验设计,种植密度设3个水平（3株/盆、6株/盆和9株/盆）,2个种植类型（单一种植方式：各品种单播;混合种植方式：同一盆中各品种按1﹕1种植）。在大豆的开花期 （R2）、鼓粒中期（R6）和生理成熟期（R8）取样,将根系从土中取出,反复冲洗, 利用根系扫描仪WinRhizo Program（Re．gent Instruments Inc．Canada）对样根进行扫描测量,测定单株总根长、根表面积和根体积;根系活力用TTC法（甲醇浸泡法）测定;伤流液用重量法收取;伤流液中的磷用钼酸铵比色法测定（UV-2450）,钾用火焰光度计（PEAA800）测定,可溶性糖用蒽酮法测定;由超高产品种在混播、单播处理下根系性状的比值除以普通品种在混播、单播处理下根系性状的比值得到超高产品种相对于普通品种的根系竞争比率（RCR）,RCR＞1表示超高产品种比普通品种的根系竞争力强。【结果】超高产品种和普通品种大豆的根系形态性状、根系活力和伤流成分在密度和种植方式间均存在显著差异。整个生育期,不同品种大豆的根系形态性状和根系活力均在鼓粒期达到最大,伤流量和伤流成分的最高值则出现在开花期。鼓粒期至成熟期,超高产品种的单株根长、根体积普遍高于普通品种,单播和混播处理下,分别较普通品种高出8.2%、10.4%和53.9%、34.6%。超高产品种的根系活力较强,而且具有较高的伤流量和伤流成分,3种密度水平下,超高产品种的平均伤流量分别高出普通品种16.9%、42.0%和49.1%。超高产品种的根系竞争比率普遍高于普通品种。随密度的增加,超高产品种和普通品种的单株根表面积和根体积下降,其中普通品种的下降幅度更大,达50.9%和50.7%。混播时超高产品种与普通品种的根系活力差异随密度的增加而增大;超高产品种相对于普通品种的根系竞争比率也提高,由平均1.00增至1.63,其中6株/盆处理下根系竞争比率增幅达到显著水平。6株/盆和9株/盆的种植密度下,超高产品种的单株籽粒产量高于普通品种,混播时差异达显著水平;随密度的增加,超高产品种和普通品种的单株生物量和籽粒产量下降,其中普通品种的下降幅度更大,达62.5%和60.0%;大豆根系形态性状、根系活力与单株生物量和籽粒产量呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】超高产品种在密植条件下根系更发达,具有较强的根系吸收能力、竞争力和较高的物质生产力。     

大豆中疫霉诱导性GmDRRP基因启动子的克隆与功能分析

本研究根据大豆与疫霉互作的基因芯片数据,筛选了一个受疫霉诱导表达的大豆抗病相关基因(Gm DRRP,glycine max disease resistance response protein),并对其启动子响应疫霉侵染的功能进行了研究。序列分析表明该基因编码一个大豆抗病相关蛋白。分别用SA、Me JA、ABA、ETH和GA3五种激素处理后,发现该基因的表达受激素的抑制。克隆其转录起始位点上游1 590 bp的启动子区,生物信息学分析发现该区域包含多个已知与逆境响应相关的顺式元件。进一步将启动子构建在融合Gus报告基因的植物表达载体上,分别瞬时转化烟草和稳定转化大豆根毛,并检测了Gus报告基因的表达情况。结果表明,Gm DRRP启动子均能在两种体系中不同程度的受疫霉诱导,其表达模式为接种后0.5 h被快速诱导,并在2 h时显著提高。根据生物信息学对顺式元件的预测结果,对启动子进行了分段分析,获得了一个222 bp的小片段,其疫霉诱导表达能力是全长启动子的34%。以上结果表明大豆的Gm DRRP启动子能被疫霉快速诱导。     

转TaNHX2大豆的耐盐性分析

【目的】在盐胁迫条件下,通过对转TaNHX2(小麦Na⁺/H⁺转运蛋白编码基因)大豆的盐害表型、光合作用强度以及产量相关农艺性状的考察,评估其生产应用潜力,以期获得具有一定应用价值的耐盐大豆新种质。【方法】以实验室前期获得并初步鉴定具有一定耐盐性的转TaNHX2大豆T₄代株系为材料,在主茎第二片复叶完全展开时（V₃期）进行草丁膦抗性、PCR和RT-PCR检测。选取阳性植株,在主茎第三片复叶完全展开时（V₄期）进行NaCl胁迫处理,处理期间观察记录盐害表型;待植株长至初荚期（R₃期）测定其光合作用参数;最后,分单株收获已生长至完熟期（R₈期）的大豆植株,考察其株高、节数、单株荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重。其中,昌平春播试验点设置0、150和200 mmol·L^-1 3个NaCl浓度,北圃场夏播试验点设置0和200 mmol·L^-1 2个NaCl浓度,盐害表型观察以及光合作用参数测定只在北圃场试验点进行。【结果】分子鉴定表明外源TaNHX2在转基因后代中成功转录表达,遗传稳定。在无盐胁迫条件下,转基因与受体植株长势相当,叶片大小相似,光合作用强度相近。而在200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl溶液胁迫处理下,转基因与受体植株均出现矮化、叶片变小、光合作用强度降低的现象,但与受体植株相比,转基因大豆株系C12、C21和C19的矮化程度较低,叶片较大,光合作用相关参数数值较大,其中株系C12和C21与受体的净光合速率（Pn）差异具有显著性。另外,无盐胁迫条件下,转基因株系与受体品种自贡冬豆各产量相关农艺性状数值相近,而在昌平试验点设置的150和200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl溶液胁迫下,转基因株系各农艺性状数值均高于受体对照,其中150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下,C12、C21和C19的单株粒重,C19的单株荚数与受体差异显著。200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫处理时,株系C12、C21和C19的单株荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重,C12和C19的株高均与受体对照品种存在显著性差异。在北圃场试验点设置的200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫处理下,转基因株系C12、C21和C19的株高、C19的单株粒数和单株粒重与受体对照品种具有显著性差异。【结论】在盐胁迫条件下,与受体对照品种相比,转TaNHX2大豆株系C12、C21和C19盐害程度较低,能维持较强的光合作用和一定的产量,其中株系C19在2个试验点的产量表现均较佳,具有较大的育种应用价值。