RCPs气候情景下三江平原典型流域耕地动态模拟

选取三江平原典型流域挠力河流域为研究区,以1990、2002和2014年3期Landsat影像、DEM数据和社会经济统计资料等多源数据为基本信息源,结合3S技术,运用FLUS模型定量模拟代表性浓度路径情景系列(RCPs)下耕地动态变化特征。结果表明:24 a间挠力河流域的旱地面积变化幅度较小,水田面积持续增加,1990—2002年水田扩张剧烈,2002—2014年扩张速度趋于缓和;3个时点的旱地均沿东北-西南轴方向进行分布,主轴沿顺时针缓慢旋转,空间变化稳定,分布范围逐渐减小。水田沿东北-西南走向分布,1990—2002年其主轴逆时针旋转,后顺时针旋转至45.31°,整体分布较为离散,极化特征不明显;通过对比不同空间分辨率及时间尺度下模拟精度,确定最优模拟空间分辨率为200 m,最优模拟时间点为2038年;MESSAGE气候模式下,未来挠力河流域的旱地面积先减少后增加,水田继续维持扩张态势,2029年后面积将以2%速度逐年下降,其分布将更加聚集,主轴沿顺时针旋转,重心逐渐向东北方向进行偏移;AIM气候模式下,气候波动对水田的影响程度大于旱地,旱地面积持续缓慢增加,水田面积在波动中下降,空间分布的极化特征突出。     

Development of Sequence-characterized DNA Markers Linked to Temperature Insensitivity for Fruit Production in Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) Cultivars

In this paper, we characterize a temperature dependence in longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) cultivars using the high annealing temperature random‐amplified polymorphic DNA (HAT‐RAPD) methodology. This form of genomic analysis allows a random sampling of the complete genome to provide information about phenotypic traits of interest. Using a set of 18 unique decamer primers, polymorphic bands ranging from 100 to 2500 bp were examined for 14 longan varieties from which banding patterns of interest were selected for conversion to the more reproducible and robust sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. In particular, one SCAR marker produced an electrophoresis banding pattern which could distinguish between longan varieties requiring a sustained interval at low temperatures for fruit production vs. those that do not. This band was composed of a nucleotide region 275 bases in length (DQ539047) in which the initial 90 nucleotides were >85 % identical to the 12‐oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) reductase gene. OPDA is an immediate precursor to jasmonic acid which has been described as the ‘master switch’ for lipid‐derived environmental signalling to factors such as flowering and osmotic stress. The possible involvement of the jamonic acid signalling pathway could explain the recent success of potassium chlorate to induce off‐season flowering and fruit formation.     

Promotion of the population growth of pinewood nematode in 4-month-old Japanese black pine seedlings by pretreatment with simulated acid rain

Simulated acid rain (SAR) at three pH levels (pH 4, 3, 2) was applied to only the top or both the top and roots of 4-month-old Japanese black pine seedlings repeatedly for two months. Then the seedlings were inoculated with a virulent isolate (S10) of pinewood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The exposure to SAR at any level did not kill the seedlings. When inoculated with nematodes, however, the nematode population build-up was significantly higher in the seedlings pretreated with SAR at any level than in the control at the 7th and 17th day after inoculation, and subsequent disease symptom development was also significantly accelerated by the exposure to SAR at pH 2 and 3. This result indicates that even acid rain at pH 4 has the potential for promoting population growth of pinewood nematodes in 4-month-old Japanese black pine seedlings.     

荒漠植物白刺对模拟增雨的光合响应机制

【目的】研究不同增雨条件下白刺叶片的光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性,从光合生理角度探讨白刺对增雨的响应机制。【方法】以乌兰布和沙漠东缘地区典型荒漠植物白刺为研究对象,设置不同的增雨梯度(增加年均降水量的0,25%,50%,75%和100%),对自然生长的白刺沙包进行人工模拟增雨,利用 Li－6400xt便携式光合测定系统分析仪(USA,LI-COR)测定不同增雨条件下白刺叶片净光合速率(Pn)日动态变化、光响应曲线、CO2响应曲线以及叶绿素荧光参数,并根据 Pn 日变化曲线和响应曲线计算叶片日光合总量(∑Pn )以及各光合生理参数。【结果】1)75%和100%增雨对日均 Pn 和∑Pn 影响显著,日均 Pn 比 CK分别高32.74%和37.64%,∑Pn 比 CK 分别高32.01%和38.43%,说明增雨使白刺光合能力增强,日光合产物的积累增加。2)增雨使白刺表观量子效率( AQY)和光饱和点( LSP)升高,25%,50%,75%和100%增雨的 AQY 比 CK 分别高17.24%,31.03%,37.93%和24.14%,LSP比 CK分别高14.6%,6.0%,3.0%,26.1%,说明白刺叶片利用弱光的能力增强,对强光的利用范围增加,光能转化效率提高,有利于光合作用的高效进行。3)随着增雨量的增加,羧化效率(CE)呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,其中,100%增雨的 CE比 CK高5.73%;增雨使 CO2饱和点( CSP)升高,50%,75%和100%增雨的 CSP 显著高于 CK,分别比 CK高23.67%,28.35%和29.13%,说明白刺叶片 RuBP羧化酶和光合碳循环酶的活性增强,对高CO2浓度的利用范围增加。4)增雨使白刺叶片的原初光化学量子效率( Fv/Fm )、实际光化学量子效率(ФPSⅡ)、电子传递速率( ETR)和光化学猝灭系数( qP )提高,说明增雨有利于白刺叶片PSⅡ反应中心活性增强、开放比例提高,有利于叶片把所捕获的光能转化为生物化学能,并将更多的光能用于推动光合电子传递。【结论】白刺能够调节光合机构的功能、改变自身生理特性、增强对环境资源的利用能力来适应增雨的变化。     

外源Ca2+对模拟酸雨胁迫下不同抗性水稻根系氮吸收的影响

为减轻酸雨对植物生长的不利影响,探究Ca²⁺对植物耐酸性的调控机制,本文以五优308（抗性种）和南粳9108（敏感种）两个品种水稻为研究对象,研究外源Ca²⁺对低强度酸雨（pH 4.5,SAR1）和高强度酸雨（pH 3.0,SAR2）胁迫下水稻幼苗根系生长、氮（NO₃^-和NH₄⁺）含量及吸收速率、ATP含量、质膜H⁺-ATPase活性及其磷酸化水平的影响。结果表明： SAR1处理下两个品种水稻的H⁺-ATPase磷酸化水平和活性增加（P<0.05）,促进ATP分解,增加供能,使NH₄⁺吸收增加（P<0.05）,但NH₄⁺仅在南粳9108根中过量积累（P<0.05）,引起铵毒,造成根系生长抑制,五优308中NO₃^-和NH₄⁺含量及其生长均未受影响（P>0.05）。SAR2处理下,两个品种水稻质膜H⁺-ATPase活性和NO₃^-、NH₄⁺吸收速率及含量均降低,根系生长受到抑制（P<0.05）,其中南粳9108降幅大于五优308。Ca²⁺+SAR1处理组两个品种水稻根系质膜H⁺-ATPase磷酸化水平和活性、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺吸收和积累以及根系生长均与对照（叶喷去离子水处理）差异不显著（P>0.05）。Ca²⁺+SAR2处理下H⁺-ATPase活性、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺吸收和积累以及根系生长低于对照（P<0.05）,但显著高于单一SAR2处理（P<0.05）。研究表明,外源Ca²⁺可有效保障模拟酸雨（pH 4.5、3.0）下质膜H⁺-ATPase磷酸化水平,促进H⁺-ATPase活性升高,缓解酸雨对NO₃^-和NH₄⁺吸收的抑制,维持根系生长。其中,外源Ca²⁺对相同强度模拟酸雨胁迫下五优308的调控效果优于南粳9108,说明外源Ca²⁺对酸雨胁迫下植物氮吸收的影响不仅受酸雨强度限制,而且也会受品种影响。本实验中,外源Ca²⁺对不同强度酸雨胁迫下不同抗性水稻氮吸收均有调控效果,合理利用外源Ca²⁺将有助于调节酸雨区农作物的营养吸收,缓解酸雨对农业生产的危害。     

黄丘区小流域暴雨径流动力特征对淤地坝配置的响应

为定量揭示淤地坝措施配置对黄丘区小流域暴雨径流形成及演进过程的影响,采用室内小流域人工模拟降雨试验,对不同淤地坝措施布设情景下（无坝、单坝、双坝）小流域不同断面径流的水动力、侵蚀动力特征进行研究。结果表明：径流量与含沙量整体均随时间推移而增大,无淤地坝布设情景下径流量增幅为114.60 cm3/s,双坝情景的径流量增幅仅有70.11 cm3/s;淤地坝对小流域暴雨径流演进过程的影响显著,淤地坝布设后径流流态由主要的紊流-缓流变为以层流-缓流为主,雷诺数Re减小幅度达到12.04%～85.85%;动力参数中径流功率ω和雷诺数Re可以被认为是能够较好描述不同淤地坝布设下侵蚀产沙的动力因子。研究结果对于揭示流域暴雨径流过程及成灾机理具有重要现实意义,可为科学评价水土保持措施调控径流过程的效应提供理论依据。     

仿真固沙灌木林与塑料网方格沙障防风固沙效能比较

干旱区的水资源限制了植物治沙应用范围,将仿真固沙灌木加入退化梭梭林,比较仿真固沙灌木＋梭梭的灌木林与塑料网方格沙障防风固沙效能,为仿真固沙灌木应用提供参考。在野外相同条件下观测比较仿真固沙灌木林与塑料网方格沙障内风速,结果显示：仿真固沙灌木＋梭梭灌木林的风速削减率与塑料网方格沙障的差异不显著;随着风速增大,仿真固沙灌木降低风速率与塑料网方格沙障降低风速率差异变小;在风速为8.1~8.9 m s-1时,仿真固沙灌木降低风速率达塑料方格沙障的80%;仿真固沙灌木＋梭梭灌木林的输沙率随高度变化为指数递减,是裸沙地的35%;仿真固沙灌木林的建立不受气候条件影响,可重复应用,与灌木搭配可增强防风固沙效能。     

体外模拟实验法评价湘南某矿区大米中重金属的人体健康风险

为了评价大米中重金属对人体健康风险的影响,在湘南某矿区和非矿区采集大米样品,运用人工模拟实验方法,评价大米中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd和As的摄入量和生物可给量。结果表明:矿区大米重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd和As的含量分别为2.03、30.08、6.57、2.34、3.80 mg·kg-1,非矿区大米重金属含量分别为1.03、8.65、1.52、0.15、0.30 mg·kg-1,成人和儿童因食用矿区大米而摄入的Pb(789.23、562.00μg·d-1)、Zn(11 701.12、8 332.16μg·d-1)、Cu(2 555.73、1 819.89μg·d-1)、Cd(910.26、648.18μg·d-1)和As(1 478.20、1 052.60μg·d-1)超过因食用非矿区大米而摄入的Pb(400.67、285.31μg·d-1)、Zn(3364.57、2395.84μg·d-1)、Cu(591.18、420.97μg·d-1)、Cd(58.51、41.67μg·d-1)和As(116.70、83.10μg·d-1)。模拟成人和儿童胃阶段和小肠阶段,矿区大米中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd和As的平均生物可给量都大于非矿区大米中重金属的平均生物可给量;模拟胃阶段矿区大米中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd和As的平均生物可给量都大于模拟小肠阶段重金属的平均生物可给量。在模拟胃消化阶段,矿区大米中Cd的生物可给量分别是每周可耐受摄入量的3.11倍(成人)和4.42倍(儿童);在模拟小肠阶段,对于成人矿区大米中Pb、Cd和As的生物可给量没有超过每周可耐受摄入量,而对于儿童矿区大米中Pb和Cd的生物可给量都超过了每周可耐受摄入量。因此,矿区成人和儿童通过食用该区域大米将会对其身体产生健康风险,其中对儿童的健康危害更加明显。     

模拟酸雨作用下红壤中多环芳烃的释放及纵向迁移特征

以USEPA优先控制的16种多环芳烃为研究对象,通过酸雨的土柱淋溶试验模拟实际降水过程,分析了不同酸度的模拟酸雨淋溶后红壤中多环芳烃残留量的变化及不同性质多环芳烃在土柱中纵向迁移特征。研究结果表明:不同酸度模拟酸雨淋溶后红壤中多环芳烃残留量均较淋溶前减少,pH2.5酸雨淋溶后红壤中多环芳烃含量较淋溶前减小的幅度最大(52.08%),pH5.6酸雨淋溶后减小的幅度最小(21.55%);酸雨破坏土壤微结构,使土壤胶体分散,粘粒下移,与土壤粘粒结合在一起的多环芳烃也一起向下迁移,酸雨pH值越小,多环芳烃在土壤中的纵向迁移能力就越强;酸雨对土壤中不同性质多环芳烃的纵向迁移影响不同,对低环多环芳烃(环数≤4)的迁移影响较大,对高环多环芳烃(环数4)影响较小,主要是由于不同性质多环芳烃在土壤中结合的物质不同而引起的。该研究结果为了解酸雨作用下多环芳烃在土壤介质中的稳定性及其对地下水潜在污染的风险评价提供理论依据。     

The effects of natural and manipulated density regimes on Alliaria petiolata survival, growth and reproduction

Knowledge of the ecology of Alliaria petiolata, an alien invasive species in the USA, is essential to predict the efficacy of introduced biological control agents. Accordingly, we examined the growth and reproduction of second‐year A. petiolata rosettes under natural and manipulated density regimes. Plant survival was also studied under natural conditions. Similar survivorship patterns were observed for high‐ and low‐density populations, although survival in the low‐density populations was c. 10% higher. Under natural conditions, low‐density plants were larger and more fecund, on average, than high‐density plants; however, on a per‐area basis, high‐density populations were much more productive. When plant density was experimentally reduced, average seed production and plant size increased with thinning intensity, suggesting that thinning released plants from intra‐specific competition. Additionally, plants in thinned plots were able to recover from past competition and could approach production of the plants in un‐thinned lower density plots that had not experienced prior competition. However, seed production per unit area was lower in thinned versus un‐thinned plots of the same initial density. Results suggest herbivore‐induced plant mortality late in the life cycle, as might occur following the introduction of biological control agents, may reduce the contribution to the A. petiolata seedbank.