Engineering considerations for water circulation in crawfish ponds with paddlewheel aerators

Engineering considerations for paddlewheel aeration in vegetated shallow water ponds for the production of procambarid crawfish is necessary to ensure cost-effective application. Three experimental ponds (approximately 2 ha each) were planted with rice in August as forage for the resident pond population of red swamp crawfish, Procambarus clarkii, and flooded in October. Two 2.2 kW (3 hp), single-phase electric motor (110 V_ac) paddlewheel aerators were placed in each pond. The aerator rotors were 160-cm long and 95-cm in diameter. The aerator rotor had 36 paddles with half the paddles 27.3-cm long and half 34.9-cm long. Rotor speed was set at 83 rpm and operated at three paddle submergence settings: 7.6, 12.7, and 17.8 cm below the water surface. Over a 20-week period between November and April, channel velocity, head difference, and aerator amperage was measured for both one and two aerators in operation in each pond. Results indicated that circulation of oxygenated water from the aerators can be accomplished as efficiently with a single aerator set at a lower paddle depth (7.6-cm) compared to operating two aerators set at a greater paddle depth (12.7 or 17.8-cm). However, based on the apparent efficiency of the aerators and the calculated channel roughness coefficients values obtained from the channel velocities, paddlewheel aerators are an inefficient option for circulating the pond water especially when rice foliage dominants the total vegetative biomass of the pond.     

黑龙江省高等级公路沥青路面抗滑表层初探

随着公路等级的不断提高 ,车辆的行驶速度也在加快 ,这对高等级公路路面的要求也就越来越高 ,因此 ,沥青路面表面的抗滑性能显得很重要。为此提出了调整沥青混合料级配 ,从而提高路面抗滑能力 ,并对验证级配的全过程进行了论述 ,在理论上为下一步的研究打下了坚实的基础。     

An experimental study on the influences of wind erosion on water erosion

In semi-arid regions, complex erosion resulted from a combination of wind and water actions has led to a massive soil loss and a comprehensive understanding of its mechanism is the first step toward prevention of the erosion. However, the mutual influences between wind erosion and water erosion have not been fully understood. This research used a wind tunnel and two rainfall simulators and simulated two rounds of alternations between wind erosion and water erosion(i.e., 1~(st) wind erosion–1~(st) water erosion and 2~(nd) wind erosion–2~(nd) water erosion) on three slopes(5°, 10°, and 15°) with six wind speeds(0, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 20 m/s) and five rainfall intensities(0, 30, 45, 60, and 75 mm/h). The objective was to analyze the influences of wind erosion on succeeding water erosion. Results showed that the effects of wind erosion on water erosion were not the same in the two rounds of tests. In the 1~(st) round of tests, wind erosion first restrained and then intensified water erosion mostly because the blocking effect of wind-sculpted micro-topography on surface flow was weakened with the increase in slope. In the 2~(nd) round of tests, wind erosion intensified water erosion on beds with no rills at gentle slopes and low rainfall intensities or with large-size rills at steep slopes and high rainfall intensities. Wind erosion restrained water erosion on beds with small rills at moderate slopes and moderate rainfall intensities. The effects were mainly related to the fine grain layer, rills and slope of the original bed in the 2~(nd) round of tests. The findings can deepen our understanding of complex erosion resulted from a combination of wind and water actions and provide scientific references to regional soil and water conservation.     

沟灌土壤入渗参数和糙率估算及灌水技术要素组合研究

以SIPAR_ID模型为基础,利用水流推进资料估算了大田沟灌土壤入渗参数和糙率值,克服了以往采用水量平衡模型估算土壤入渗参数和糙率值时一些不合理的假设条件,且工作量大的缺点。用估算结果模拟了沟灌水流推进过程以及沟首水深数据,结果表明各试验点水流推进过程误差绝对值的均值分别为4.06%、4.57%和4.47%,沟首水深误差绝对值的均值分别为8.07%、10.26%和8.49%,说明采用SIPAR ID模型估算土壤入渗参数和糙率值是可行的,具有高的估算精度。根据估算的土壤入渗参数和糙率值,采用WinSRFR模型模拟了研究区域各试验点的沟灌灌水质量,提出了各试验点理论需水量分别为60 mm、80 mm和100 mm条件下合理的沟灌灌水技术要素组合,其灌水效率和灌水均匀度均在85%以上,表明可获得高的灌水质量,达到常规沟灌节水的目的。     

海浪效应对海面粗糙度的影响研究

基于日本气象厅22001号浮标站与美国国家浮标数据中心提供的41008号浮标站观测资料,利用Smith88、YT96、TY01和O02这4种海面粗糙度方案研究中高风速条件下真实海浪效应对海面粗糙度的影响;同时,利用浮标数据和COARE3.0算法,比较中高风速条件下缺乏真实海浪信息时,自主设计的有效波高、谱峰周期参数化方案与COARE3.0自带的Taylor01波浪特征量参数化方案计算海面粗糙度的效果。结果表明,无论哪种浮标资料,不考虑真实海浪效应的2种方案(Smith88和YT96)均比考虑真实海浪效应的2种方案(O02和TY01)计算出的粗糙度偏低,说明在中高风速条件下必须要考虑真实海浪效应对海面粗糙度的影响。此外,初步证实了自主设计的波浪特征量参数化方案在缺乏真实海浪信息时,计算效果优于COARE 3.0算法自带的Taylor01波浪特征量参数化方案。     

基于单片机的木材表面粗糙度激光在线检测系统

介绍一种用单片机控制激光位移传感器进行在线检测木材机械加工表面粗糙度的新方法.该系统由单片机、模数转换器和激光传感器测量系统(激光头及激光控制器)等组成,试验在木材加工CNC装置上进行.文中给出了硬件结构及软件程序设计流程图.     

陶瓷材料电加工表面粗糙度的预测

针对电加工工艺参数与性能指标的函数映射关系大多具有非线性的特征，提出了将BP神经网络引入电加工领域中。考虑到BP算法的不足，提出用遗传算法来优化BP神经网络的连接权值，设计了基于进化神经网络的学习算法，建立了陶瓷材料电加工表面粗糙度随工艺参数变化的预测模型。试验结果表明，该算法可以避免BP神经网络易陷入局部极小值等问题，预测精度高，相对误差在4％之内，进而验证了该模型的可靠性。     

土壤与三七根茎黏附数学模型构建与验证

针对三七收获过程中根土分离率低、根茎损伤率高等问题,该研究深入分析土壤与三七黏附特性,明确影响根土黏附参数间的制约关系,建立考虑土壤粒径、含水率、孔隙率、三七根茎表面粗糙度因子及根土接触面积的黏附力数学模型,实现了种植土壤与三七根茎黏附力量化求解。通过三七种植区土壤粒径、含水率与孔隙率之间的土力学分析,确定了三七收获时三七种植土壤平均粒径为0.058 mm,平均含水率为20.95%,以及土壤孔隙率可由平均含水率线性表征;对三七根茎表面进行光学全矢量可视化处理,实现了三七根茎表面粗糙度因子、表观表面积与比表面积求解与耦合,试验结果得出三七根茎表面平均粗糙度因子为4.14,在纳米尺度上表面粗糙度显著,三七根茎比表面积为粗糙度因子与表观表面积构成的二元二次函数,且含水率一定时,三七根土壤黏附力与三七根茎表面粗糙度因子、三七根茎表观表面积均成正比。在此基础上开展三七根土黏附力测定试验并进行试验验证,结果表明：构建的数学模型计算值与试验值相对误差为5.65%,模型准确可靠,为研究三七收获机械分离装置提供科学的理论依据。