基于粒子图像测速的坡面流水动力学特性

粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV)技术具有多点同时测量、对水流无干扰的优点,该研究利用高分辨率PIV(分辨率为64 pixels/mm),测量了7组坡面流(水深范围为0.5～1.1 cm,雷诺数范围为1 000～3 000),并测量1组深水明渠紊流作为对照,研究了流速轮廓线和修正系数、紊动强度和雷诺应力、偏态系数和峰度系数的变化规律。结果表明:1)PIV能够有效观测坡面流床面至水面的流速分布。当坡面流流态为过渡流时,流速修正系数随着雷诺数的增加呈对数增加,均值为0.77;2)对比深水明渠紊流的紊动强度,坡面流的流向紊动强度较大,而垂向紊动强度较小,且随着水深及雷诺数的增加,坡面流紊动强度逐渐与深水明渠紊流的特征吻合。深水明渠紊流中受雷诺应力影响的流体占比约80%,而坡面流中受雷诺应力影响的流体占比小于80%,随着雷诺数的增加坡面流中受雷诺应力影响的流体占比变大;3)对比深水明渠紊流的峰度系数,坡面流的峰度系数大部分大于3,表明坡面流较深水明渠紊流出现极端流速事件的概率小。PIV技术有利于实验室研究坡面水力侵蚀的力学机理机制问题。     

Unravelling the relationship between a seasonal environment and the dynamics of forage growth in grazed swards

It is well reported in the scientific literature that pastures can have similar net forage accumulation when managed with contrasting structures. However, we hypothesized that the dynamics of forage accumulation in grazed swards is linked to seasonal-environmental conditions. Marandu palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha [Hochst. ex A. Rich.] was used as the forage species model. The experimental treatments were four grazing heights (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) allocated to experimental units according to a randomized complete block design with four replicates and evaluated throughout four contrasting environmental seasons (summer, autumn, winter–early spring and late spring). Under rainy and warm periods, greater net forage accumulation was observed in pastures maintained taller; on the contrary, during the mild and dry periods, net forage accumulation rate reduced as grazing height increased. Such patterns of responses were related to compensations between tiller population density and tissues flows during summer and late spring and the reduced capacity of taller canopies to compensate lower population with greater growth rates during autumn and winter–early spring. Grazed swards changed their patterns of forage growth as they transitioned from favourable to more abiotic stressful conditions, suggesting that seasonal adjustments in grazing intensities are necessary in order to maximize forage production.     

王氏唇柱苣苔的离体培养及遗传稳定性

以王氏唇柱苣苔(Chirita wangiana)叶片为外植体进行组培离体快繁研究,并利用流式细胞术对组培苗进行遗传稳定性分析。结果表明:最佳初代诱导培养基为MS添加0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA;最适继代培养基为MS添加0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.05 mg/L NAA;最适生根培养基为1/2 MS培养基添加0.5 mg/L IBA和15 g/L蔗糖,所有生根培养基获得的组培苗移栽驯化成活率达到92%以上。组织学切片检测表明,王氏唇柱苣苔叶片为外植体所形成芽体均为器官发生方式形成。流式细胞术检测表明,组培苗倍性没有变化,基因组大小与母本相比仅发生了1.86%的减少;染色体数目为2n=36,跟母本一致,植株形态特征上也无变异。研究结果可为王氏唇柱苣苔的园艺应用快速提供大量遗传稳定的种苗。     

Mixed cropping with ice plant alleviates the damage and the growth of cowpea under consecutive NaCl treatment and after the recovery from high salinity

We investigated the alleviative effects of mixed cropping using ice plant, which is one of the salt-accumulating halophytes, on the damage and growth inhibition of cowpea, which is not tolerant to high salinity. Three cropping patterns (mono cropping of cowpea and ice plant and their combination) were tested. The plants were treated with 0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl for 14 days (consecutive NaCl). The plants were also treated with NaCl for 3 days, followed by 2 weeks (short-term recovery) and 1 month (long-term recovery) recovery. Salinity levels for short-term recovery were similar to those of the consecutive experiment, while the concentration of long-term recovery was 250 mM. The alleviative effects of mixed cropping in the consecutive NaCl experiment were observed at 200 and 300 mM NaCl. Mixed cropping significantly reduced the Na content in the cowpea leaves at 200 and 300 mM NaCl compared with mono cropping. In addition, the Na content in the soil of mix-cropped cowpea at 200 and 300 mM NaCl was statistically lower than that of the mono cropping. Mixed cropping was effective to recover from high concentration of NaCl in the experiments of short- and long-term recovery. These results indicate that mixed cropping with a halophyte could be effective in mitigating the damage and growth inhibition of a glycophyte not only under salinity but also under recovery periods.     

Development of Nucleic Acid Lateral Flow Immunoassay Detection Method for Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus

In this article, through the combination of nucleic acid probes and immune chromatography, a simple, sensitive and specific detection system——nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay (NALFIA) for amplifing foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 3D RT-PCR products was established.An ultrasensitive nucleic acid biosensor (NAB) based on streptavidin-labeled gold nanoparticles dual labels and lateral flow strip biosensor (LFSB) were used in this system.The biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG was marked to the NC membrane as the alleged strip and the anti-digoxin antibody was labeled to the NC membrane to capture the digoxin probe.After assemblying gold-labeled strip and detecting RT-PCR products, the detection limit of NALFIA was 0.3×10^-3 to 3×10^-3 μg/μL.The NALFIA was compared with agar gel electrophoresis analysis, the results showed that the sensitivity of NALFIA was higher than agar gel electrophoresis.There was an excellent agreement between the two methods.NALFIA was a method with high sensitive, low cost and short time.In conclusion, this method provided a good alternative to detect FMDV.     

微型离心泵诱导轮与叶轮轴向距离匹配特性

诱导轮与叶轮匹配不合理,是影响微型离心泵运行稳定性的原因之一。为了研究诱导轮与叶轮之间的轴向距离(简称为轴向距离)的匹配对离心泵性能的影响,该文以一台前置诱导轮离心泵为研究对象,采用数值方法定量分析了不同轴向距离对离心泵能量特性、汽蚀特性和压力脉动特性的影响。选取5种轴向距离,分别为0.1S,0.5S,1.0S、1.5S和2.0S(S为诱导轮轴向长度与叶栅稠密度的比值),对离心泵进行三维流场数值预测。结果表明,轴向距离增加后,扬程和效率均有所增加,汽蚀余量降低,但叶轮内压力脉动幅值升高。其中,在额定工况下,当轴向距离增大至1.0S时,扬程提高了0.61m,效率提高了5.8%,临界汽蚀余量降低了0.4m;轴向距离继续增大后,各项性能变化不大。综合分析认为,轴向距离为1.0S时,诱导轮与叶轮的匹配性能最佳,有利于离心泵稳定运行。研究结果可为微型离心泵诱导轮与叶轮的匹配设计提供参考。     

横轴流脱粒分离装置的数学模型的建立与试验

横轴流脱粒分离装置滚筒长度限制了其脱粒分离能力,仅被应用于中小型联合收割机。为研究横轴流脱粒分离装置脱粒滚筒转速、喂入量、脱粒间隙等因素对脱粒分离性能的影响,优化装置结构,利用概率学理论建立了横轴流脱粒分离装置的未脱净率和夹带损失率数学模型。对模型正确性验证试验表明,模型对未脱净率的预测相对误差为8.23%,对夹带损失率的预测相对误差为2.90%。仿真分析和试验表明,该模型可反映籽粒轴向分布和脱粒滚筒转速、喂入量、脱粒间隙等参数对脱粒分离性能的影响。     

MacCormack算法在长输管道瞬变流动仿真中的应用

为了提高长输管道仿真精度和速率,基于MacCormack格式基本原理和流动方程建立了长输液体管道水力瞬变流动仿真模型。以某管道为例,分别采用该仿真算法和特征线法模拟了阀门关闭和流量增加引起的瞬变流动,并探讨了MacCormack格式中不同边界条件处理方法及Courant常数值对模拟结果的影响。结果表明:MacCormack格式可用于精确仿真长输管道瞬变流动过程,采用特征线法求解预估层边界参数后,其振荡幅度、收敛速度均优于特征线仿真方法;同时,采用特征线法处理MacCormack格式边界条件较线性外插法更易收敛。研究成果可为长输管道瞬变流动仿真提供参考。     

定量泵负载敏感系统卸荷压力冲击抑制研究

定量泵负载敏感系统在快速卸荷时容易出现压力冲击现象,对系统的可靠性和寿命产生较大危害。三通压力补偿阀是定量泵负载敏感系统中关键的调压元件,本文以三通压力补偿阀为切入点,建立定量泵负载敏感系统功率键合图模型,基于键合图模型推导系统的状态方程,建立Matlab动态仿真模型,探讨系统卸荷压力冲击的抑制方案。基于系统仿真模型,首先对系统卸荷压力冲击的仿真与试验进行对比,验证了仿真模型的正确性;然后,针对三通压力补偿阀的系统压力腔阻尼、阀芯直径、Ls腔阻尼、阀口锥角等关键参数,对卸荷压力冲击影响规律进行仿真;最后,基于关键参数对卸荷压力冲击影响规律的分析,提出了一种"小阀芯、双阀口"型三通压力补偿阀结构优化方案,并对其卸压冲击抑制效果进行了仿真和试验。结果表明,该方案可以有效抑制卸荷压力冲击,优化后系统卸压冲击压差比原系统降低了89%,卸荷压力降低了20%,进一步实现了节能。     

秋浦花鳜多元养殖模式关键技术

秋浦花鳜是安徽地方水产优良养殖品种。基于当前秋浦花鳜主要的养殖模式,对相关技术要点进行总结,系统归纳了秋浦花鳜池塘主养、混养,网箱养殖,以及大水面增养殖等多元养殖模式及其关键技术。在不同的养殖模式下,秋浦花鳜均表现出优异的适应性,经济价值及社会价值,可进一步示范应用。