基于地标点几何形态测量法区分不同水系野生中华绒螯蟹

为鉴别不同地理种群野生中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis),运用基于地标点法的几何形态测量学方法研究长江、黄河、辽河、瓯江、闽江及图们江中野生中华绒螯蟹头胸甲的形态特征。主要步骤为先通过地标点法提取中华绒螯蟹头胸甲上特征点的坐标值,然后进行相对扭曲主成分分析和判别分析来区分 6 种群中华绒螯蟹头胸甲,最后利用薄板样条分析和网格变形将头胸甲形态变异矢量可视化。结果表明:(1)主成分散点图显示各群体之间虽有部分重叠,但大体可以形成较为集中的区域;(2)网格变形图显示各群体头胸甲的形态差异主要为额刺和侧刺长度;(3)逐步判别分析中各群体的判别准确率为 80%~96%,存在一定的错判风险;(4)聚类分析将 6 群体中华绒螯蟹聚为两支,其中长江、黄河、瓯江和闽江个体被聚为一支,辽河和图们江个体被聚为另外一支。综上,以头胸甲为研究对象的地标点几何形态测量法是区分不同水系野生中华绒螯蟹的有效手段,但仍需要结合传统形态学测量方及遗传结构分析加以辅助证实。     

嘉陵江不同江段蛇的形态差异比较

为探讨嘉陵江不同江段蛇鮈群体的形态表型特征及其差异性,本研究对采至嘉陵江上游、中游和下游共120尾样本进行了传统形态测量和地标点几何形态学测量分析。形态分析结果表明：嘉陵江不同江段蛇鮈群体间形态表型存在的显著差异。差异主要集中于头部、鳍和尾柄;其中上游群体的蛇鮈最为纤长（叉长、胸腹距、躯干距最大）,眼间距、背鳍基长、头高和口角须长也最长;中游群体的胸鳍、腹鳍、尾鳍最长,尾柄也最为粗壮（尾柄宽,尾柄高最大）,头长、体宽、胸鳍前距最大;下游群体的肛臀距和头宽最大。但主成分分析结果显示：无法有效将不同江段蛇鮈群体区分。性状差异性分析结果表明,不同江段蛇鮈群体形态表型差异均属于种内差异。这些表型差异可能是蛇鮈对嘉陵江不同江段环境（如流速、水温、饵料类型）多样性的适应性表现。     

中国同期作物空间格局变化分析——以小麦和油菜为例

小麦和油菜是我国非常重要的两种大宗作物,它们的空间格局变化历来备受关注。利用1980 -2014年间小麦、油菜的面积数据,以省级行政区为研究单元,采用Pearson相关系数和GIS空间几何重心分析技术,结合同期作物之间的竞争性用地关系,对油菜和小麦的空间分布格局及其变化特征进行分析。研究结果表明:我国小麦近三十年空间格局的总体变化不明显但是省际分布特别不均衡,其分布重心一直位于河南省境内;油菜的面积重心自1980年以来从湖北省境内不断地向南推移,目前分布在湖南省境内。受同期作物之间竞争性用地关系的影响,在陕西、青海、湖北、湖南、四川等地,油菜、小麦的面积变化表现出明显的“消-长”关系,彼此呈显著负相关。     

溢流橡胶坝有限元分析

应用膜结构的几何非线性理论并结合有限元通用软件ANSYS对橡胶坝溢流情况进行应力、变形分析。对橡胶坝过水溢流进行了简化,得到所选材料坝袋溢流情况下的极限承载力状态,对于橡胶坝的工程管理起到一定参考价值。     

Rates of piscivory predict pharyngeal jaw morphology in a piscivorous lineage of cichlid fishes

The pharyngeal jaw apparatus is a key innovation hypothesised to increase foraging efficiency and facilitate utilisation of novel resources among teleost fishes. Here, we tested whether dietary characteristics could predict pharyngeal jaw morphology among eight species of Neotropical Crenicichla. Additionally, we tested the hypothesis that pharyngeal jaws may impose a functional constraint on piscivory via pharyngeal gape. We quantified the shape of the lower pharyngeal jaw (LPJ) using linear and geometric morphometrics and quantified diet using the relative volumetric proportions of prey items. We used principal component analysis to describe major axes of variation in LPJ shape and dietary patterns. The major axis of dietary variation significantly predicted LPJ morphology, which was driven by a significant relationship between LPJ shape and rates of piscivory. We also found that rates of piscivory predicted size‐corrected LPJ depth. Size‐corrected pharyngeal gape also significantly predicted rates of piscivory such that pharyngeal jaws may constrain piscivory by limiting pharyngeal gape. Strong form‐to‐function linkage between pharyngeal morphology and trophic patterns suggests an adaptive quality of the pharyngeal apparatus but may also impose functional constraints when consumers must switch prey or when prey availability is temporally or spatially unpredictable.     

Continuous felling of small diameter trees in boom-corridors with a prototype felling head

Abstract

Simulations of the continuous felling of trees in boom-corridors have suggested that it may be possible to increase harvester productivity by a factor of 2.4 when thinning young dense stands. A prototype boom-tip mounted felling head for harvesting in this fashion was therefore built and tested in the field. Using the new head, stands with a density of 10,000 trees ha^?1 and a mean diameter at breast height (dbh) of 7 cm were felled at a speed of 0.4 m s^?1, with an efficiency of 3.5 s tree^?1. The felling speed was limited by the speed of movement of the harvester crane's boom. However, additional tests suggested that the new head could be operated at felling speeds of up to 1.3 m s^?1 when cutting trees with dbh values of up to 8 cm. The simulation that prompted this study focused on multiple felling with the crane in continuous motion at speeds of 1 m s^?1; the results obtained in this work suggest that the new felling head is capable of sustaining these speeds and so further technical development of the design (e.g. to incorporate accumulating functionality) is warranted.     

Sexual Dimorphism and Allometric Effects Associated With the Wing Shape of Seven Moth Species of Sphingidae (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea)

Sexual dimorphism is a pronounced pattern of intraspecific variation in Lepidoptera. However, moths of the family Sphingidae (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea) are considered exceptions to this rule. We used geometric morphometric techniques to detect shape and size sexual dimorphism in the fore and hindwings of seven hawkmoth species. The shape variables produced were then subjected to a discriminant analysis. The allometric effects were measured with a simple regression between the canonical variables and the centroid size. We also used the normalized residuals to assess the nonallometric component of shape variation with a t-test. The deformations in wing shape between sexes per species were assessed with a regression between the nonreduced shape variables and the residuals. We found sexual dimorphism in both wings in all analyzed species, and that the allometric effects were responsible for much of the wing shape variation between the sexes. However, when we removed the size effects, we observed shape sexual dimorphism. It is very common for females to be larger than males in Lepidoptera, so it is expected that the shape of structures such as wings suffers deformations in order to preserve their function. However, sources of variation other than allometry could be a reflection of different reproductive flight behavior (long flights in search for sexual mates in males, and flight in search for host plants in females).     

几何突变的人口半群的单调性和FRR性质

研究几何突变人口半群的单调性和FRR性质.证明了q-矩阵Q在l∞生成正的压缩半群;在c0空间上生成连续压缩半群;最小Q-函数P(t)是FRR的,并且给出了其为随机单调的判别标准.     

The Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Cable Structures Based on Four-Node Isoparametric Curved Element

In this paper,based on the geometric nonlinear behavior of cable structures,a finite element method with four-node isoparametric element was presented,the third order polynomial was used as displacement functions and initial curve of the element.By means of the principle of virtual work and the updated Lagrangian method,the authors derived the finite element equations,and solved them by Newton-Raphson method.The proposed model leads to high precision and can meet the engineering requirements.The model presented in this paper can be applied in the analysis of long-span tension structures,such as cable structures,cable domes and so forth.     

NONLINEAR RESPONSE STUDIES OF TALL STEEL FRAMES

Considerable eftects of geometric nonlinearity upon tallsteel frames and flexibly jointed steel frames are recognized.Systematicanalysis philosophy of geometric nonlinearity under various coordinatesystems and its corresponding explicit expression of tangent stiffness matrices are comprehensively embodied.The entries in tangent stiffnessmatrices with its nonlinear behavior and its abstrusely implied physicmeanings are expounded and a straight forward derivation technique ofnonlinear matrices is given.A computer algorithm which can performwhole range studies of steel frames by considering geometric and materialnonlinearities up to the ultimate load carrying capacity is implemented.