植物生长调节剂DTA-6对花生产量、品质及其根系生理调控研究

在大田栽培条件下,经过3年试验,研究了在花针期叶面喷施植物生长调节剂DTA-6对花生产量、品质及器官生理功能的影响。结果表明:与清水对照比较,DTA-6可显著增加荚果和籽仁产量,表现在单株干物质增加,饱荚数、饱荚重和籽仁重显著提高,秕荚数显著减少;DTA-6对籽仁中含油量具有促进作用,而对游离氨基酸、蛋白质含量有降低的趋势;同时DTA-6提高了花生的根系活力和根系伤流量以及根系的吸收和合成能力,提高了花生的结瘤性和固氮能力。     

基于太赫兹衰减全反射技术的花生霉变程度判别

为了能够可靠、快速、便捷地检测花生仁不同程度的霉变,研究了一种基于太赫兹时域光谱技术、分别结合误差反向传播(Back propagation,BP)神经网络算法与支持向量机算法(Support vector machine,SVM)的霉变花生定性分析方法。为排除不同样本带来的偶然性,实验随机采集花育36号、鲁花9号两个花生品种进行霉变培养。依据花生的感官特征与前人的研究经验,将花生分为正常、轻度霉变、中度霉变与严重霉变4类,采用太赫兹衰减全反射技术采集花生仁样本光谱(波段0. 3～3. 6 THz)。利用傅里叶变换方法对时域光谱信号进行频域变换并进行加窗处理,然后对所得频域信号进行光学常数吸光度与吸收系数的提取,得到样本的光学常数信号,并进行特征波段筛选。在此基础上分别建立BP神经网络定性分析模型与SVM定性分析模型。实验表明,BP神经网络模型对花育36号花生霉变模型的预测集识别正确率为88. 57%,对鲁花9号花生霉变模型的预测集识别正确率为91. 40%;Lib-SVM模型对两个品种花生霉变的二分类模型、3类霉变花生的三分类模型的预测集识别正确率均为100%。应用太赫兹时域光谱技术结合SVM算法检测霉变花生仁效果良好,具有一定的可行性。     

施钾量对花生根系和根瘤特性、养分吸收及产量的影响

【目的】针对辽宁省花生产地速效钾含量偏低,钾肥施用量不足的现状,探究不同钾水平对花生根系、根瘤特性、主要养分吸收速率以及产量的影响,以期明确最佳的钾肥施用量,为当地的花生生产提供理论依据和参考。【方法】本试验于2018—2019年在沈阳农业大学进行,以农花9号为试材,设0（CK）、112.5 kg·hm^-2（T1）、225 kg·hm^-2（T2）和337.5 kg·hm^-2（T3）4个钾肥处理,采用大田随机区组试验,研究了不同施钾量对花生根系干物质积累、根系形态、根瘤特性、植株养分吸收和产量的影响。【结果】2年试验结果表明,施钾对花生根系干重影响不大,各处理的根系干物质积累量无显著差异;与未施钾肥的CK相比,T2处理的施钾量可显著增加花生的总根长、总根表面积和总根体积;根瘤对钾素较敏感,在施钾量为112.5 kg·hm^-2时,根瘤数量及干重在各时期均达到最大,钾素的施入促进了根瘤在花生结荚期的衰老;增施钾肥提高了植株氮、磷、钾素的最大积累速率、平均积累速率和最大积累量,延长了氮和钾的活跃积累期;施钾225 kg·hm^-2时单株荚果数等产量构成因素及产量均高于其他处理。【结论】施钾量为225 kg·hm^-2（T2）时,最有利于花生根系生长和养分吸收,增产效果最好;在施钾量为112.5 kg·hm^-2（T1）时,最有利于根瘤的生长,增产效果次之。     

Fungal endophyte Phomopsis liquidambari B3 enriches the diversity of nodular culturable endophytic bacteria associated with continuous cropping of peanut

Previously, the application of the fungal endophyte Phomopsis liquidambari B3 exhibited notable effect in alleviating soil obstacles caused by continuous cropping of peanut. It was supposed that P. liquidambari B3 could enhance the efficiency of nodulation and nitrogen fixation by enriching the diversity of nodular endophytic bacteria under continous monocropping system. To verify this hypothesis, a pot experiment was conducted under natural conditions. Four treatments were set as follow: discontinuous cropping soil (NS), continuous cropping soil (CK), continuous cropping soil inoculate with actived P. liquidambari B3 (CSB3), and continuous cropping soil inoculate with sterilized P. liquidambari B3 (CSIB3). As a result, a total of 120 isolates were obtained. Our study clearly declared that the addition of fungal endophyte effectively enriched the genetic diversity and the community composition in CSB3. In contrast, a low genetic diversity level and simplex community structure were exhibited in CK and CSIB3. Meanwhile, the positive percentage rate and corresponding community composition of the plant growth-promoting isolates in NS and CSB3 were larger and more abundant than the other. This is the first time to describe the effects of fungal endophytes on the diversity of the nodular culturable endophytic bacteria associated with continuous cropping of peanut.     

基于Copula方法的花生收入保险费率厘定研究——以河南省主产市为例

收入保险具有防范产量与价格双重风险的功能,推行花生收入保险对于宏观上提高我国食用油安全水平和微观上保障种植户持久稳定收益意义重大、影响深远。以河南省南阳市、开封市、驻马店市等三大花生主产市为例,利用1993—2016年各市花生单产数据和全省花生市场收购价格数据,在说明花生具备实施收入保险的基本条件后,采用Copula函数和蒙特卡洛方法,分别厘定了各市花生收入保险费率。结果表明:花生单产与价格间存在显著的负相关,南阳市、开封市、驻马店市花生收入保险的费率存在显著差异,在40%～100%的保障水平下分别为2.1%～17.8%、1.6%～12.5%和3.8%～16.9%,各地费率都随保障水平的下降而显著地下降;在相同的保障水平下,花生收入保险的费率与保费均低于成本保险,且能够为农户提供更高的风险保障水平。据此,提出未来要加快构建区域性花生收入保险体系,设定差异化且合理的风险保障水平。     

花生联合收获机风动抛撒清选装置的研究

清选装置作为花生联合收获机的重要部件,其清选能力直接影响到花生联合收获机的作业效率。针对4HBL-2型花生联合收获机在收获过程中清选效率低、含杂率高及杂物容易堵塞筛网等问题,设计风动抛撒清选装置。并对清选装置进行结构设计与性能研究,确定该装置的最优结构设计和工作参数:清选装置抛料板安装角度15°,滚筛体转速40 r/min,聚风口的高度180 mm,风机出风口角度10°,大大提高了花生收获效率,降低花生收获成本。     

30%噻虫胺·吡唑醚菌酯·苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂的研制 及其在花生田应用的效果

【目的】 评价30%噻虫胺·吡唑醚菌酯·苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂对花生生长的安全性及防治花生土传病害和地下害虫的应用潜力。【方法】 制备30%噻虫胺·吡唑醚菌酯·苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂并测定其pH、黏度、悬浮率及冷热贮稳定性与冷热贮前后的药剂粒度分布变化。在室内,以200、400、800 g a.i./100 kg种子3个剂量进行温室盆栽安全性试验,统计各处理组的出苗时间及播种后14 d花生幼苗的株高、根长、茎叶鲜重、根鲜重与植株干重等生长指标,评价药剂对花生出苗及幼苗生长的安全性。在田间,设置100、200、400 g a.i./100 kg种子3个剂量进行花生种子包衣,以25%噻虫嗪·咯菌腈·精甲霜灵悬浮种衣剂（迈舒平）为对照药剂,进行两年三地的田间药效试验。【结果】 30%噻虫胺·吡唑醚菌酯·苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂达到GB/T17768—1999悬浮种衣剂产品标准。温室盆栽试验中,该药剂以200、400、800 g a.i./100 kg种子对花生出苗及幼苗生长安全。2016年以100、200、400 g a.i./100 kg种子3个剂量进行田间试验,药剂对花生冠腐病的防治效果分别为95.16%、97.98%、98.79%,对花生根腐病的防治效果分别为90.97%、92.26%、92.90%,对花生蚜（Aphis medicaginis）的防治效果分别为79.74%、92.48%、94.13%,且防治效果表现为随药剂剂量的增加而提高。相对于空白对照处理,药剂可以提高花生出苗率10.25%—13.21%,增加花生产量683.75—1 234.12 kg·hm ^-2。由此确定200 g a.i./100 kg种子为田间推荐剂量。2017年使用该剂量,对山东新泰和泰安两地花生冠腐病防治效果分别为81.12%与95.83%,对花生根腐病的防治效果分别为71.74%与92.93%,对地老虎(新泰)与花生茎腐病（泰安）的防治效果分别为93.33%与87.29%。与空白对照相比,在新泰试验中,出苗率提高了4.23%,产量提高了1 146.45 kg·hm ^-2;在泰安试验中,出苗率提高了10.75%,产量提高了1 715.70 kg·hm ^-2。【结论】 研发的30%噻虫胺·吡唑醚菌酯·苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂对花生冠腐病、根腐病、茎腐病及花生蚜、地老虎均有一定的兼治效果,对花生出苗和生长安全并增加花生产量,具有较好的推广前景。     

Seeding strategies of bahiagrass and pintoi peanut affect pasture establishment under weed competition

Pintoi peanut (Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg.) is a warm‐season perennial legume with potential for use in grass–legume mixtures in Florida; however, limited information exists about its establishment in mixtures with bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge). The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the establishment of bahiagrass cv. “Argentine” and pintoi peanut cv. “Amarillo” as monocultures or mixture. The experiment was conducted in Ona, FL, from June to October of 2014 and 2015. Treatments were a split‐plot design of seeding strategies (bahiagrass monoculture, pintoi peanut monoculture or bahiagrass‐pintoi peanut mixtures; main plots) and two N fertilization strategies (30 or 80 kg/ha N; 30N and 80N; subplots), with four replicates. Measurements of plant density and frequency were taken every 4 weeks after seeding. Ground cover and herbage mass (HM) measurements were taken 112 days after seeding. Pintoi peanut ground cover was affected by seeding strategy × N level interaction. Ground cover was greater with 80N than 30N when pintoi was seeded in monoculture (3.6% vs 1.5% respectively) but not when it was seeded with bahiagrass (2.1%). There was no effect of seeding or N strategy on pintoi peanut proportion in HM (1.4%). Bahiagrass ground cover was not affected by seeding or N strategy (15.9%); however, its proportion in the HM was greater in 80N than 30N (12.1% vs 9.4% respectively). Mixed seeding did not negatively affect the establishment of bahiagrass and pintoi peanut and greater N fertilization levels improved some establishment parameters, with no negative effect for pintoi peanut.     

广东花生黑腐病病原菌鉴定及防治药剂的室内毒力测定

花生黑腐病是花生的重要病害,对生产造成严重影响,被列为我国进境植物检疫性病害。为明确花生黑腐病的病原菌种类和筛选有效防治药剂,采用形态学特征与分子生物学技术相结合的方法,对花生黑腐病害进行了病原菌鉴定,同时采用菌丝生长速率法测定了8种杀菌剂对花生黑腐病菌的抑制作用。结果表明：花生黑腐病害的病原菌为冬青丽赤壳Calonectria iliciola。8种杀菌剂室内毒力测定结果显示,10%戊唑醇EC对花生黑腐病菌的毒力最强,EC₅₀值为1.12 μg/mL;300 g/L苯甲·丙环唑EC、29%吡萘嘧菌酯SC、25%咯菌腈SC、15%吡唑嘧菌酯SC和22.5%啶氧菌酯SC对花生黑腐病菌也有较好的抑制作用,EC₅₀均低于10 μg/mL;30%精甲恶霉灵的抑制作用最差,EC₅₀值为76.71 μg/mL。以上研究结果可为花生黑腐病的防治提供理论依据。     

高产、高出仁率花生新品种漯花10号的选育

为适应我国长江流域花生生产的需要,以中花10号为母本,与自选品系漯河紫皮杂交,用一粒传法结合南繁加代选育出高产、高出仁率花生新品种漯花10号。介绍了该品种的选育过程及其区域试验与生产试验的结果:两年区域试验平均荚果产量4645. 5 kg/hm^2,比对照增产2. 32%,籽仁产量3513. 0 kg/hm^2,比对照增产6. 73%;生产试验平均荚果产量4125. 15 kg/hm^2,比对照增产7. 96%,籽仁产量3118. 5 kg/hm^2,比对照增产12. 48%。