Nitrification and denitrification in subalpine coniferous forests of different restoration stages in western Sichuan, China

Nitrification is the biological conversion of organic or inorganic nitrogen compounds from a reduced to a more oxidized state. Denitrification is generally referred to as the microbial reduction of nitrate to nitrite and further gaseous forms of nitric oxide, nitrous oxide and molecular nitrogen. They are functionally interconnected processes in the soil nitrogen cycle that are involved in the control of long-term nitrogen losses in ecosystems through nitrate leaching and gaseous N losses. In order to better understand how nitrification and denitrification change during the process of ecosystem restoration and how they are affected by various controlling factors, gross nitrification rates and denitrification rates were determined using the barometric process separation (BaPS) technique in subalpine coniferous forests of different restoration stages. The results showed that forest restoration stage had no significant effects on gross nitrification rates or denitrification rates (One-way ANOVA (analysis of variance), p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the temperature coefficient (Q ₁₀) for gross nitrification rate among all the forest sites (One-way ANOVA, p < 0.05). Gross nitrification rates were positively correlated with water content (p < 0.05), but not with soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, or C/N ratios. Denitrification rates in all the forest soils were low and not closely correlated with water content, soil pH, organic matter, or total nitrogen. Nevertheless, we found that C/N ratios obviously affected denitrification rates (p < 0.05). Results from this research suggest that gross nitrification is more responsible for the nitrogen loss from soils compared with denitrification. Translated from Journal of Plant Ecology, 2006, 30(1): 90–96 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

HPLC法测定乌韭的荭草苷和牡荆素含量

建立乌韭地上部分荭草苷和牡荆素含量的测定方法,检测不同产地乌韭中两种黄酮苷的含量,对乌韭资源进行评价.用超声波提取法提取,反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定,GeminiC18色谱柱,乙腈/1%磷酸溶液(体积比15∶85)为流动相,流速1 mL/min,检测波长340nm.荭草苷在0.025～0.148μg范围内有良好的线性关系,加样回收率为100.61%,相对标准偏差(RSD)2.18%;牡荆素在0.035～0.207 μg范围内有良好的线性关系,加样回收率为99.77%,RSD 2.37%.云南丘北所产乌韭的荭草苷和牡荆素质量分数都是最高,分别达到0.116 6%和0.145 7%,移栽到南京地区1年后荭草苷含量下降,牡荆素含量增高.以荭草苷和牡荆素含量为指标,云南丘北所产乌韭是较好的种源.     

夏季遮荫改善大田牡丹叶片光合功能的研究

利用气体交换和叶绿素荧光分析技术,研究大田牡丹叶片在自然光照和夏季遮荫处理下光合作用日变化.结果表明:自然光下夏季牡丹叶片的净光合速率(Pn)明显低于春季,2个生长季节Pn日变化差异明显,即春季的Pn日变化呈"单峰型"曲线,夏季的Pn日变化为"双峰型"曲线,有明显的光合"午休";羧化效率(CE)变化趋势与Pn相似;表观量子效率(AQY)中午降低,下午逐渐回升;光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学效率Fv/Fm和最大荧光Fm日变化为倒"单峰型"曲线,中午明显降低;与夏季自然光下相比,夏季遮荫处理(遮光50%)的牡丹叶片Pn、AQY、CE升高;气孔限制值(Ls)和叶温(t1)降低;Fv/Fm和Fm中午下降幅度显著减小.这些结果说明:夏季晴天中午高温、强光下,牡丹叶片PSⅡ反应中心发生了可逆失活,PSⅡ功能下调,光合作用的光抑制明显发生,遮荫可减轻光抑制,改善光合功能以增加光合产物积累.     

欧美杨无性系的对比试验

试验表明 ,38个 4年生欧美杨无性系间的树高、胸径、年生长量、造林成活率差异均呈极显著水平。用座标综合法评价了各无性系的优劣 ,从中初选出 6个优良无性系 ,其胸径和全高分别比对照高 2 1%和 2 0 %。     

橄榄多酚的提取研究

利用溶剂浸提法、超声波辅助提取法和微波辅助提取法对橄榄中的多酚物质进行提取研究,并比较了3种方法的提取效果。结果表明:以1g橄榄果肉粉为原料,60%~70%丙酮水溶液是提取橄榄多酚的最适溶剂,最佳提取时间1h,温度20~30℃,固液比1∶20(g∶mL);超声波提取的最适功率为80W,最佳提取时间25min;微波提取的最适功率为280W,提取时间5s。3种提取方法的多酚提取得率分别为17.1%、19.3%和20.3%,与溶剂浸提法相比,超声波法和微波法提取时间短、效率高,提取效果明显优于前者,并且三者提取物的UV和HPLC检测图谱完全一致。     

木质素合成酶基因F5H的RT-PCR引物筛选

据EMBL核酸序列库中发表的白杨杂种F5H的cDNA序列,利用Primer 5.0软件设计3组扩增引物。通过PCR及RT-PCR扩增反应,筛选出一组比较合适的引物,确定该引物对的最适反应体系和程序参数。利用该引物对,从正在分化的2年生欧美杨107茎的次生木质部提取的mRNA中RT-PCR扩增出一个867bp的木质素合成特异表达的f5h基因片段。将其克隆到pGM-T载体上,构建了f5h在大肠杆菌中的表达载体,并对引物筛选进行讨论。     

赤霉酸对3种针叶树幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

研究了用浓度分别为0，10，50，100，500mg／L的赤霉酸（GA3）溶液浸种对3种针叶树幼苗生长和一些生理指标的影响。试验结果表明，GA3能促进樟子松、鱼鳞云杉、红皮云杉幼苗的生长，株高（PH）、根系体积（RV）和干物质积累（DW）明显增加。同时，GA3能调节3种针叶树幼苗的代谢，提高脱氢酶（阴G）和硝酸还原酶（NR）的活性，增加可溶性糖（SS）、可溶性蛋白（SP）、自由氨基酸（FAA）的含量。GA3最适宜的处理浓度是50—1130ms／L的水溶液。     

生态状况内在判断指标体系研究

生态状况内在判断指标是反映生态状况自身变化情况的指标.生态状况处于何种阶段的判断指标,需要从层次性、系统性、现实性、重要性4个方面来考虑.综合考虑包括森林生态状况、土地荒漠化和沙化状况、水土流失状况、生物多样性状况、湿地生态状况、草原生态状况、农田生态状况、城市生态状况等8项指标,8项指标又可以细化为各自的分项指标.通过应用生态综合指数法对生态状况进行分析和综合评估,得出我国生态状况处于治理与破坏相持阶段这一重要结论.     

Sorption of Cr(VI) on the wood of Japanese larch treated with concentrated sulfuric acid

A carbonaceous sorbent was prepared from the wood of Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) by dehydration with concentrated sulfuric acid in a 69% yield. The abilities of the sorbent to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions were investigated. Research parameters included the initial solution pH, temperature, and initial concentration of Cr(VI) in solution. The removal of Cr(VI) was highly solution pH dependent and was mainly governed by physicochemical sorption under weak acidic conditions. The equilibrium data fit well in the Langmuir isotherm model. The Langmuir constants were calculated at different temperatures, and the sorption capacity increased with rising temperature, indicating the endothermic nature of the Cr(VI) sorption onto the sorbent. The desorption experiments suggest that the Cr(VI) sorption is generally irreversible, owing to strong interaction of HCrO ₄ ⁻ with the active sites of the sorbent.     

小径木白桦锯材不同加热方式下含水率的变化

讨论小径木白桦锯材在连续加热和间歇加热方式下含水率的变化规律.结果表明:小径木白桦锯材的干燥速率在含水率15%以后明显降低,前期干燥过程锯材的干燥速率比后期的高2～3倍;间歇加热方式有利于内部水分向外扩散,间歇时间对干燥速率的影响很小;干燥过程中锯材厚度方向上的含水率梯度呈不对称分布,这与小径木的心材占较大比例有一定关系;间歇加热减少了锯材内含水率梯度的变化值,同时减少了应力的产生,从而提高了干燥质量.