栽插密度和水层对水稻化感品种抑草作用的影响

选用具有化感特性的华抗草78和江苏地区主栽的扬稻6号,通过田间试验明确在不同栽插密度和不同水层深度条件下水稻品种的抑草效应,结果表明:每公顷45～60万苗的水稻栽插密度、水稻移栽后10 cm水层保持15 d的条件下华抗草78对稗草、异型莎草和陌上菜的株防效和干重防效明显,增产效果显著。     

数码照相法估算植被盖度

植被盖度是表征生态系统特征的重要参数之一,其准确测度对于分析土壤侵蚀强度、生态环境现状具有重要意义。该文选择黄土高原退耕还林还草区野外测量的25个典型样方, 探讨了数码照相法估算植被盖度的模型和方法,提出了中心投影引起的边缘畸变问题和植被信息识别问题的有效解决方案。前者采用控制点几何校正的方法解决,后者基于目视判读、统计汇总红(R)、绿(G)、蓝(B)三基色的DN（digital number）值分布规律,采用编程方式解决。研究结果表明,植被信息的三基色组成分别符合DNGDNRDN B、DNGDNBDNR和DNBDNRDNG 3种规律,非植被信息的三基色构成遵循DNRDNGDNB的规律,且采用上述规律,编程得到草地样方的植被盖度精度较高。可见,该文提出的估算植被盖度的数码照相法可移植到数码相机中,具有明显的应用价值。      

季节性雪被对高寒草甸土壤微生物量碳、氮动态的影响

[目的]探索季节性雪被对高寒草甸土壤微生物量碳、氮动态的影响。[方法]根据自然雪被分布的差异,在青藏高原东南缘的高寒草甸生态系统中设置3条雪梯度样带（深雪、中雪和浅雪）,于2008年秋冬过渡期监测各样带中土壤温度和含水量,并研究不同雪梯度下土壤微生物量碳、氮的动态变化。[结果]月均土温、每月日最高土温均值、每月日最低土温均值都分别与雪厚度呈显著二次函数关系。雪厚度和土壤温差对土壤含水量具有显著影响。在秋冬过渡期末,深雪梯度中土壤微生物量碳先显著升高又显著降低;浅雪梯度中,土壤微生物量氮在稳定的浅雪被（约10cm）形成后显著增加。雪被下土壤微生物量碳、氮含量都分别与土壤温度呈显著的三次函数关系。[结论]季节性雪被对土壤温度和土壤含水量有显著影响,也引起高寒草甸土壤微生物量碳、氮动态的明显差异。     

灰色自记忆模型及其在新疆和田地下水埋深预测中的应用

运用灰色微分方程与自记忆原理相结合的方法,建立了地下水埋深预测的灰色自记忆模型,并以新疆和田市地下水长期观测井GW9为例进行了埋深模拟和预测。结果表明,该模型具有较高的模拟及预测精度,且简洁实用。     

地下水埋深对夏玉米根冠生长和耗水量的影响

利用排水式蒸渗仪,借助自制的Mariotte瓶装置,通过设置6种地下水埋深控制处理(地下水位埋深分别为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.01、.2m),探讨了不同地下水埋深对夏玉米的地上部分、根系生物量及耗水量的影响。结果表明,夏玉米株高和冠层叶面积随地下水埋深减小有增加的趋势,但是当地下水埋深减小到一定程度时就会抑制株高、叶面积,地下水埋深0.6m处理株高和叶面积系数(LAI)最大。各土层根系及其总生物量随地下水埋深增大而增大;地上部总生物量与地下部根生物量的比值随地下水埋深的增大呈明显减少的趋势。夏玉米全生育期和各阶段耗水量分别与地下水埋深呈较好的负相关关系,达到极显著水平(P<0.01);地下水补给量占耗水量的比例随地下水埋深的增大而逐步降低。研究结果可为江淮丘陵区夏玉米灌溉制度的制定及农田排水工程的设计提供参考依据。     

氧化塘深度对猪场厌氧消化液后处理的影响

采用小试装置对3个不同深度氧化塘处理猪场厌氧消化液的效果进行了研究,结果表明:当平均气温为21.9℃,停留时间在80 ～110天,进水负荷为0.05 m3·m-2d-1的条件下,氧化塘对NH4-N的去除率达到了90％以上,CODcr,TP的去除率分别为50％,40％.硝化作用和藻类的吸收是氧化塘去除NH4-N的主要方式,沉淀作用则是CODcr和TP的主要去除方式,在较长停留时间下,微生物对于溶解性CODcr的分解和同化也能提供一定的去除效果.当平均气温为21.9℃,在表面负荷为0.05 m3·m-2d-1的条件下,有效深度为0.3m和0.7m的氧化塘面积去除负荷分别为1.41 g·m-2d-1,1.49 g·m-2d-1,容积去除负荷分别为4.7g·m -3d-1,2.8g·m-3d-1.虽然较深氧化塘具有较高的面积去除负荷,但较浅的氧化塘却有更高的容积去除负荷.     

Denitrification potential of intermittently saturated floodplain soils from a subtropical perennial stream and an ephemeral tributary

Denitrification has the potential to remove excess nitrogen from groundwater passing through riparian buffers, thus improving water quality downstream. In regions with markedly seasonal precipitation, transient stream flow events may be important in saturating adjacent floodplain soils and intermittently providing the anaerobic conditions necessary for denitrification to occur. In two experiments we characterised the denitrification potential of soils from two contrasting floodplains that experience intermittent saturation. We quantified under controlled laboratory conditions: 1) potential rates of denitrification in these soils with depth and over time, for a typical period of saturation; and 2) the influences on rates of nitrate and organic carbon. Treatments differed between experiments, but in each case soil-water slurries were incubated anaerobically with differing amendments of organic carbon and nitrate; denitrification rates were measured at selected time intervals by the acetylene-block technique; and slurry filtrates were analysed for various chemical constituents. In the first experiment (ephemeral tributary), denitrification was evident in soils from both depths (0-0.3 m; 0.3-1.1 m) within hours of saturation. Before Day 2, mean denitrification rates at each depth were generally comparable, irrespective of added substrates; mean rates (Days 0 and 1) were 5.2 ± 0.3 mg N kg dry soil⁻¹ day⁻¹ (0-0.3 m) and 1.6 ± 0.2 mg N kg dry soil⁻¹ day⁻¹ (0.3-1.1 m). Rates generally peaked on Days 2 or 3. The availability of labile organic carbon was a major constraint on denitrification in these soils. Acetate addition greatly increased rates, reaching a maximum in ephemeral floodplain soils of 17.4 ± 1.8 mg N kg dry soil⁻¹ day⁻¹ on Day 2: in one deep-soil treatment (low nitrate) this overcame differences in rates observed with depth when acetate was not added, although the rate increase in the other deep-soil treatment (high nitrate) was significantly less (P ≤ 0.01). Without acetate, peak denitrification rates in this experiment were 6.9 ± 0.4 and 2.8 ± 0.2 mg N kg dry soil⁻¹ day⁻¹ in surface and deep soils, respectively. Differences in rates were observed with depth on all occasions, despite similar initial concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at both depths. Levels of substrate addition in the second experiment (perennial stream) more closely reflected natural conditions at the site. Mean denitrification rates were consistently much higher in surface soil (P ≤ 0.001), while the source of water used in the slurries (surface water or groundwater from the site) had little effect on rates at any depth. Mean rates when all treatments retained nitrate were: 4.5 ± 0.3 mg N kg dry soil⁻¹ day⁻¹ (0-0.3 m depth); 0.8 ± 0.3 mg N kg dry soil⁻¹ day⁻¹ (0.3-1.0 m); and 0.6 ± 0.1 mg N kg dry soil⁻¹ day⁻¹ (1.8-3.5 m). For comparable treatments and soil depths, denitrification potentials at both sites were similar, apart from higher initial rates in the ephemeral floodplain soils, probably associated with their higher DOC content and possibly also their history of more frequent saturation. The rapid onset of denitrification and the rates measured in these soils suggest there may be considerable potential for nitrate removal from groundwater in these floodplain environments during relatively short periods of saturation.     

排灌输水隧洞正常水深的简捷算法

为了使标准城门洞形断面正常水深的求解具有简单的显函数计算公式,对标准城门洞形断面正常水深的基本方程进行恒等变形,将水面位于底角圆弧段和顶弧段正常水深的超越方程以及水面位于侧边直线段正常水深的高次方程,变成无量纲化正常水深与已知量综合参数的单变量函数方程.引入准线性函数的概念并将准线性函数作为标准模板,再对正常水深的单变量函数方程应用准线性函数标准模板,在工程常用范围即无量纲化正常水深y∈[0.051,.80]范围内进行优化计算及准线性函数逼近,得到了超越方程和高次方程的替代函数方程,替代函数具有类似于线性函数形式,即正常水深的准线性显函数表达式,并进行误差分析.结果表明,在隧洞底部圆弧段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.36%,侧边直线段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.31%,顶弧段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.39%,说明准线性公式在隧洞有效水深范围内计算的水深准确度较高,可为排灌输水隧洞的断面设计及实现渠道水位控制时确定均匀流水深提供参考.     

地下水埋深对冬小麦和春玉米产量及水分生产效率的影响

利用排水式蒸渗仪,通过设置6种地下水位控制处理(地下水位埋深分别为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 m和3.0 m)试验,探讨了太原盆地不同地下水埋深对冬小麦和春玉米生长指标、产量、产量构成因素及水分生产效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明,地下水埋深对冬小麦和春玉米千粒重的影响较小,对冬小麦干.物质重影响显著(P=0...     

干旱区地下水埋深空间分布对天然植被覆盖度影响研究—以塔里木河下游为例

以塔里木河下游输水河畔的植被覆盖度和地下水埋深为研究对象,建立遥感反演模型获取研究区植被覆盖度的空间分布,建立地下水数值模型模拟与覆盖度同时段的埋深空间分布,采用空间分析方法对覆盖度和埋深的空间分布数据进行分析,获取不同埋深区间所对应的植被覆盖度,并得出以下结论：研究区植被覆盖度在地下水0～20m的埋深区间上呈阶梯状分...