渔用HDPE/淀粉复合材料的结构与性能

采用熔融共混法制备高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/淀粉复合材料,研究了淀粉含量(w淀粉)对HDPE/淀粉复合材料的流变性、微观结构、热性能、力学性能与动态力学性能的影响。结果显示,淀粉含量为20 wt%时淀粉在HDPE基体中呈微米级均匀分布,淀粉含量增加到30 wt%和50 wt%时呈球状聚集体,其平均粒径从0.6μm增加到0.8μm。随淀粉含量增加,HDPE/淀粉复合材料的断裂强力和断裂伸长率显著降低。不同淀粉含量的HDPE/淀粉复合材料均被检测到3个转变峰。HDPE低温下的γ转变峰对应为聚乙烯的玻璃化转变峰,对应于非晶态链段的运动,淀粉含量对γ转变峰影响不大。纯HDPE不存在β峰,β转变与淀粉分散相有关,随淀粉含量增加,复合材料的β峰变宽。高温区出现的α转变与聚乙烯结晶区附近受限链段的运动有关,是一个复杂的多重松弛过程。研究表明,引入一定含量的淀粉可以改善HDPE的加工流变性和韧性,为制备高性能可降解淀粉基渔用材料提供了理论和技术支撑。     

Increasing the stocking density in Paracentrotus lividus larviculture: Effects on survival and metamorphosis rates

The development of sustainable methods for sea urchin juvenile production is currently constrained by high mortality rates during larval growth and the high costs of larval rearing systems management. With the aim of developing a method for the production of juveniles of the purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus in a medium‐scale recirculating system, the present study focused on the effects of high stocking densities on larval growth. Plutei larvae were reared at three different densities (up to 7 ind/ml) in a semi‐static culture system. Larval survival and metamorphosis success were evaluated in order to identify the most effective density range. The highest metamorphosis rates (80%–95%) were obtained at 4 and 7 larvae/ml. These results are comparable with (and in some cases higher than) those reported for the same species at much lower larval densities. In conclusion, the rearing conditions tested here show for the first time that a significantly higher (4 ind/ml) stocking density than those of traditional P. lividus rearing methods (based on large volumes and low densities) can be adopted, thus supporting the feasibility of an increase in the final output of competent larvae with no increase in rearing volumes.     

澜沧江源区浮游植物群落特征及其对水质的指示作用

为了探究澜沧江源区水生态现状与变化趋势,在干流囊谦段布置多昌、扎曲大桥及香达3个监测点,支流选择子曲的下拉秀、尕麻和野吉尼玛3个监测点,共计6个监测点位,于2016年7月(夏季)和10月(秋季)对澜沧江源区干流及其支流浮游植物进行了调查,以期为三江源区水生态保护与管理提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)记录浮游植物7门、47种,其中硅藻(21种)和绿藻(14种)为主要成分,分别占总种类数的45%和30%;时空差异明显,夏季较秋季种类丰富,支流较干流种类丰富;优势种以硅藻为主,其中针杆藻(Synedra sp.)为两季度绝对优势种;(2)澜沧江源区浮游植物密度为5.4×10~4～230×10~4个/L,平均密度为79×10~4个/L,硅藻贡献最大;时空差异明显,秋季高于夏季,支流高于干流;(3)浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)夏季为2.32,秋季为2.72,Pielou均匀度指数(J)夏季为0.73,秋季为0.70。研究显示,澜沧江源区水质介于极贫营养至中营养之间,处于轻度污染至无污染状态,水生态状况整体优良。     

萧氏松茎象虫口密度与虫孔数的关系研究

萧氏松茎象Hylobitelus xiaoi Zhang(Coleoptera：Curculionidae)是我国近年来危害最为严重的松林钻蛀性害虫[1],主要危害湿地松(Pinus elliottii Engelmann),也危害火炬松(P.taeda L.)、马尾松(P.massoniana Lamb.)和华山松(P.armandi Franch.).     

种植密度与氮肥施用量对糯小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

以糯小麦新品种华糯1号为试验材料,研究了不同种植密度、氮肥施用量以及二者的交互作用对糯小麦产量和品质影响。结果表明:当基本苗种植密度为120×104～240×104/hm2时,随着种植密度的增加,籽粒产量明显增加,籽粒粗蛋白含量明显降低;当基本苗种植密度达300×104/hm2时,籽粒产量增加不明显,面团形成时间明显缩短、评价值明显降低。氮肥施用量为75～225 kg/hm2,增施氮肥可同步提高籽粒产量、籽粒粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量和评价值,而当氮肥施用量达300 kg/hm2时,籽粒产量和评价值下降,籽粒粗蛋白含量和湿面筋含量增加,但增幅较小。本试验条件下使华糯1号高产和优质的最佳组合是基本苗种植密度为240×104/hm2、氮肥施用水平为225 kg/hm2。     

中国农业用水绿色效率时空分异及其驱动因素

[目的]探究中国农业用水绿色效率的时空分异及演变特征,分析中国农业发展现状,为进一步推进农业高质量发展提供科学参考。[方法]利用超效率(evidence-based model, EBM)模型测算2001—2020年中国大陆31个省区(不含港澳台地区)的农业用水绿色效率。在此基础上运用核密度(kernel density estimation, KDE)估计法进行非参数检验,并通过ArcGIS图示法探究全国不同地区农业用水绿色效率的时空分异及演进特征,最后利用地理探测器考察不同驱动因素对农业用水绿色效率的综合影响。[结果](1)2001—2020年全国农业用水绿色效率(各省年平均)经历了先上升后下降的变化。(2)全国的农业用水绿色效率在空间上呈现出“北低南高”“西低东高”的现象。(3)全国农业用水绿色效率地区差距呈缩小态势,存在动态收敛性特征,各个省份内部的农业用水绿色效率均存在不同程度的两极分化现象,其中西北地区的核密度曲线最为平缓,两极分化现象最为严重。(4)技术水平、资源禀赋、生态环境对中国农业用水绿色效率的影响程度整体高于经济发展水平。[结论]各省区应结合自身优势,从农业技术水...     

Variation in understory structure and plant species diversity influenced by silvicultural treatments among 21- to 26-year-old Picea glehnii plantations

We investigated effects of silvicultural treatments (planting and subsequent treatments) on understory structure and plant species diversity in managed Picea glehnii plantations (21–26 years old) in northern Japan. We evaluated the importance of each treatment (machinery site preparation, planting, weeding, and thinning) in 19 plantations, with considerable variation among treatments overall. The understory had 98 vascular plant species; the most dominant species was a dwarf bamboo Sasa senanensis, followed by tree species Abies sachalinensis and Betula ermanii. Multiple regression analyses showed that thinning negatively influenced plant species diversity. Planting density showed a strong positive correlation with density of seedlings (height <20 cm), but few independent variables were correlated with density of saplings (height ≥20 cm and diameter at breast height <1 cm). The negative effect of thinning and the positive effect of planting density seem to be related to the existence or reinitiation of dense cover of Sasa senanensis. We present possible mechanisms of response to treatments to generalize the results. We then suggest ways to improve current treatments to meet the goals of wood production and biodiversity conservation in the region.     

湖北省不同森林类型和不同地区间林下灌木层生物量和碳密度特征

通过在湖北全省内的12种森林类型中设置212块样地,采用标准木全株收获法测定林下灌木层生物量和碳密度,评估不同森林类型和不同地区间林下灌木层生物量和碳密度现状。结果表明,湖北省不同森林类型灌木层碳密度介于0.44~8.35 t·hm^-2之间,平均碳密度为2.80 t·hm^-2,最大的为天然阔叶中龄林,最小的为人工针阔混交林。从森林起源上比较,天然林灌木层生物量和碳密度明显高于人工林;从森林类型上比较,阔叶林＞针叶林＞针阔混交林;而从龄组上比较,灌木层碳密度随着林龄的增加而不断增加。不同地区间天然林灌木层碳密度除神农架林区与其他地区间均存在显著差异外,其他地区间无差异。因此灌木层生物量和碳密度只与森林起源、森林类型和林龄具有密切联系,与地区间的分布相关性不大。     

The effect of stocking density and repeated handling on the growth of juvenile mulloway, Argyrosomus japonicus (Temminck & Schlegel 1843)

The effect of stocking density on the growth of mulloway, Argyrosomus japonicus, was tested with 17 g fish stocked at 4.08, 8.16, or 16.32 kg m⁻³ in 50 l aquaria. Weight checks were carried out every 2 weeks to track performance. Each density treatment was also compared to a nonhandled control group to establish if handling during weight checks influenced the growth of mulloway. Mulloway performed poorly at the lowest density and, under the current experiment conditions, growth did not appear to be negatively affected by regular handling.     

Emission of N2O, N2 and CO2 from soil fertilized with nitrate: effect of compaction, soil moisture and rewetting

Soil compaction and soil moisture are important factors influencing denitrification and N₂O emission from fertilized soils. We analyzed the combined effects of these factors on the emission of N₂O, N₂ and CO₂ from undisturbed soil cores fertilized with (150 kg N ha⁻¹) in a laboratory experiment. The soil cores were collected from differently compacted areas in a potato field, i.e. the ridges (ρ_D=1.03 g cm⁻³), the interrow area (ρ_D=1.24 g cm⁻³), and the tractor compacted interrow area (ρ_D=1.64 g cm⁻³), and adjusted to constant soil moisture levels between 40 and 98% water-filled pore space (WFPS).High N₂O emissions were a result of denitrification and occurred at a WFPS≥70% in all compaction treatments. N₂ production occurred only at the highest soil moisture level (≥90% WFPS) but it was considerably smaller than the N₂O-N emission in most cases. There was no soil moisture effect on CO₂ emission from the differently compacted soils with the exception of the highest soil moisture level (98% WFPS) of the tractor-compacted soil in which soil respiration was significantly reduced. The maximum N₂O emission rates from all treatments occurred after rewetting of dry soil. This rewetting effect increased with the amount of water added. The results show the importance of increased carbon availability and associated respiratory O₂ consumption induced by soil drying and rewetting for the emissions of N₂O.