拟南芥PLDα1突变体的繁殖及形态和生理特性分析

对拟南芥野生型Ws及其突变体PLDα1(phospholipase D)的种植方法和形态特征进行了比较,并研究了ABA处理对其抗氧化酶系活力和丙二醛含量的差异。结果表明,与野生型相比,突变体形态上发生了较大的变化,并表现出对ABA反应敏感性的降低。ABA处理24 h后,野生型的SOD酶和POD酶活迅速发生变化,丙二醛含量迅速升高,而突变体变化较平缓,叶绿素含量的变化相似。     

26~45日龄竹丝鸡饲粮粗蛋白质需要量研究

【目的】 研究饲粮粗蛋白质水平对26~45日龄竹丝公鸡生长性能、胴体性状和血清生化指标的影响,为此生长阶段粗蛋白质精准供给提供理论基础。【方法】 1 625只26日龄竹丝肉公鸡根据体重一致原则分为5个处理组,每个处理组5个重复,每个重复65只鸡,各处理组饲粮粗蛋白质水平依次为18.5％、19.5％、20.5％、21.5％和22.5％,试验期20 d。每个重复于试验结束当天挑选接近平均体重的2只鸡屠宰,制备血清和分割屠体,测定胴体性状和血清生化指标。【结果】 ①饲粮粗蛋白质水平极显著影响肉鸡终末体重、平均日增重和料重比(P<0.01),随着粗蛋白质水平的升高,终末体重和平均日增重呈线性和二次曲线升高(P<0.01),料重比呈线性和二次曲线降低(P<0.01)。饲粮粗蛋白质水平对肉鸡平均日采食量和成活率无显著影响(P>0.05)。②饲粮粗蛋白质水平显著或极显著影响肉鸡屠宰率(P<0.01)、半净膛率(P<0.01)和全净膛率(P<0.05),但对胸肌率、腿肌率和腹脂率无显著影响(P>0.05),且屠宰率和半净膛率随粗蛋白质水平的升高呈线性和二次曲线降低(P<0.01或P<0.05)。③饲粮粗蛋白质水平极显著影响肉鸡血清胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)和胆固醇(TC)含量(P<0.01),且TC含量随粗蛋白质水平的升高呈线性降低(P<0.05)。饲粮粗蛋白质水平对肉鸡血清尿素氮(BUN)和甘油三酯(TG)含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。【结论】 饲粮21.5％粗蛋白质水平可改善肉鸡生长性能,19.5％~20.5％粗蛋白质水平可改善胴体性状,18.5％粗蛋白质水平可调节脂代谢。根据二次曲线模型估测,建议此生长阶段竹丝鸡饲粮粗蛋白质水平为21.41％~21.83％,可获得最佳生长性能。     

Growth change of young Picea sitchensis in response to deer browsing

Taking advantage of the introduction of the black-tailed deer to the Queen Charlotte Islands (British Columbia, Canada), we used dendrochronological analyses to understand the consequences of deer browsing on Sitka spruce growth. We compared shape, radial growth, height growth and age of young spruce in three sites. We identified two types of trees growing side by side: (1) stunted and heavily browsed spruce, smaller than the browsing limit and (2) escaped spruce that were taller than the browsing limit but still browsed in their lower part. The compact and heavily ramified shape in stunted spruce was the result of repeated and intense browsing. In escaped spruce this was also the case below the browsing limit (1.16 m±0.07 m), in sharp contrast with the normal shape that escaped spruce resumed above the browsing limit. We show that the release of browsing pressure, once the tree reaches the browsing limit, is characterised by an abrupt increase in radial growth. Before release, trees show a growth stagnation characterized by narrow rings (0.5 mm per year) and small annual height increments (<5 cm per year). After release, trees show a growth stabilisation characterised by wider rings (3 mm per year) and larger annual height increments (20 cm per year). We use this pattern to estimate frequency and age at release and their possible variation over time. Age differences between stunted and escaped spruce are highly significant and indicate that, despite of browsing, most if not all trees will ultimately reach the browsing limit and escape. Heavy deer pressure (30 deer per km²) delays spruce sapling recruitment by about 8 years. This delay varies in relation to site quality and seems to have increased over time, suggesting an increase in browsing pressure.     

Effects of light and microsite conditions on tree size of 6-year-old Cryptomeria japonica planted in a group selection opening

We examined the extent to which direct and indirect measures of light and microsite conditions could explain variation in tree height and diameter at the base of 6-year-old Cryptomeria japonica trees planted in a group selection opening of about 0.32 ha on a steep slope at Shiiba, Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan. We first used the gap light index (GLI) and soil thickness (ST) as directly measured indices. For an indirect measure of light, we used a between-cohort competition index (BCI) estimated from the position and total height of residual trees. For indirect measures of microsite, we examined topographic indices (slope, plan and profile curvature, average slope gradient, and relative elevation) derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) with different resolutions ranging from 2 to 10 m. The multiple linear regression using GLI and ST explained about 45% of variation in tree size, while simple regression using only GLI explained about 35%. The contribution of ST was about half of GLI. The multiple regressions using BCI and the topographic indices did not explain any more variation than using BCI alone (R ² of about 0.26). We conclude that microsite conditions with shallower soil and steeper slope have negative effects on tree growth in group selection openings, although the relative importance is smaller than light conditions. More comprehensive studies considering several openings with more heterogeneous topography including different species are needed to generalize our growth prediction using the indirect measures, which are useful for practical forest management.     

Interaction effect of whole wheat feeding and mannanoligosaccharides supplementation on growth performance,haematological indices and caecal microbiota of cockerel chicks

The interaction effect of whole wheat feeding and mannanoligosaccharides supplementation on growth performance, haematological indices and caecal microbiota of cockerel chicks were investigated using 250‐day‐old cockerel chicks previously reared for 7 days pre‐experimental period. Birds were fed with commercial chick mash during the pre‐experimental period. At the expiration of this period, 192 chicks were selected on weight equalization basis and assigned into 24 pens. Each treatment consisted of six pens, while each pen housed eight birds. Four wheat–soya bean‐based experimental diets were formulated in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of diets having two wheat forms (ground and whole wheat grain) each supplemented or not with 1 g/kg MOS/kg feed. Whole wheat feeding (irrespective of MOS supplementation) showed reduced (p < 0.05) feed intake. Birds fed whole wheat diet supplemented with MOS recorded the highest (p < 0.01) final live weight, weight gain and the best (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio. Haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and red blood cell count of the chicks were not affected (p > 0.05) by dietary treatment. However, dietary supplementation with MOS resulted in increased (p < 0.05) WBC counts. The caecum content of chicks fed with MOS‐supplemented whole wheat diets recorded the least (p < 0.01) salmonella counts. In conclusion, combination of whole wheat feeding and MOS supplementation showed improved growth performance, gut microbiota and indications of improved health status of cockerel chicks.     

The effects of exposure duration to optimal concentration of 2‐phenoxyethanol on primary and secondary stress responses in kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum)

The goal of this study was to assess the anaesthetic induction and recovery time in kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) after exposure to various concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 ml/l) of 2‐PE as an anaesthetic, as well as the effects of optimal concentration (0.7 ml/l) of 2‐PE in relation to different exposure time (3, 10, 15 min) on some haematological and serum biochemical indices in this species. Moreover, the effects of 0.7 ml/l on blood parameters were assessed 24 h after the longest exposure. Significant increase was determined in Hb, MCH and MCHC after 10‐min exposure to 2‐PE (p < 0.05). Moreover, Hct, Hb and RBC levels increased significantly after 15 min‐exposure to 2‐PE (p < 0.05). There were no prominent changes in WBC and MCV. The plasma concentrations of glucose, cholesterol and cortisol increased significantly after 10‐ and 15‐min exposure to 2‐PE (p < 0.05) compared with the control group and all other exposure times. The activity of ALT and AST were significantly increased after 10‐ and 15‐min exposure respectively (p < 0.05). In this study, it appears that anaesthetizing kutum with 2‐PE at 0.7 ml/l for 3 min had no effect on the stress markers.     

基于纹理-颜色特征与植被指数融合的冬小麦LAI估测

准确、快速、无损估测叶面积指数(LAI)对于冬小麦生产管理具有重要意义。利用无人机搭载Prime ALTUM多光谱相机获取冬小麦拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期多光谱图像,利用LAI-2200C型植物冠层分析仪获取地面LAI数据。通过Pearson相关性分析筛选出25个植被指数,并提取植被指数影像中8种纹理特征：对比度(CON)、熵(ENT)、方差(VAR)、均值(MEA)、协同性(HOM)、相异性(DIS)、二阶矩(SEM)和相关性(COR),以及3种颜色特征：一阶矩(M)、二阶矩(V)和三阶矩(S),再分别利用多元逐步回归模型(MSR)、支持向量回归模型(SVR)和高斯过程回归模型(GPR)构建冬小麦LAI估测模型。结果表明：相对于考虑单一类型变量,考虑结合纹理特征和颜色特征进行估测时模型精度更高;3类模型中,GPR模型估测冬小麦LAI的精度最高;所有模型中,基于纹理-颜色特征与植被指数融合的GPR模型估测冬小麦LAI精度最高(决定系数R²为0.94,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.17 m²/m²,平均绝对误差(MAE)...     

沙葱及其提取物对小尾寒羊生产性能、胴体特征、肉品质和血清生化指标的影响

【目的】 研究沙葱及其提取物对小尾寒羊生产性能、胴体特征,肉品质及血清生化指标的影响,为舍饲肉羊饲料添加剂的开发提供试验依据。【方法】 选取3月龄、体重相近的小尾寒羊公羊60只,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,对照组（CK）饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加沙葱粉(AMR),沙葱水提物(AWE)和沙葱醇提物(AFE),添加剂量分别为10、3.4和2.8 g/（只•d）。试验持续75 d,其中预饲期15 d,正饲期60 d。正饲期内测定小尾寒羊生产性能,正饲期结束空腹颈静脉采血测定血清生化指标,随后每个重复随机选2只羊进行屠宰,立即测定胴体特征（胴体热重、屠宰率、肾周脂肪重、皮下脂肪厚度及硬度）,取胴体左侧背最长肌测定肉品质,取肾周脂肪、尾部脂肪、背部皮下脂肪和大网膜脂肪测定脂肪肉色。【结果】 与对照组相比,①沙葱醇提物组的平均日采食量显著降低（P=0.001）,饲料转化率显著升高（P=0.039）,平均日增重无显著性变化（P>0.05）;②日粮添加沙葱粉及水提物能够显著降低羊肉的剪切力（P=0.029）;③沙葱粉组、水提物组和醇提物组肾周脂肪的黄度值（b^*）无显著性差异（P>0.050）,醇提物组肾周脂肪（P=0.096）和大网膜脂肪（P=0.087）的b^*值与沙葱粉组相比有升高的趋势,而红度值（a^*）（P=0.044）和饱和度（C^*）（P=0.021）显著高于沙葱粉组;④添加沙葱及其提取物能够显著升高血清总蛋白（P=0.006）的含量,沙葱及其醇提物能够显著提高血清白蛋白（P=0.006）的含量,沙葱醇提物能够显著降低血清尿素氮（P=0.024）的含量。【结论】 沙葱及其提取物对舍饲小尾寒羊胴体特征和脂肪肉色无显著影响;日粮中添加沙葱醇提物能够显著提高小尾寒羊饲料转化率,沙葱粉及水提物能够显著降低羊肉的剪切力,提高羊肉嫩度;同时沙葱及其醇提物能够显著提高血清中总蛋白和白蛋白的含量,促进肉羊对蛋白质的吸收。     

亚硝酸盐对越冬红螯螯虾生理指标及肠道菌群的影响

以越冬红螯螯虾为对象,探讨其在不同亚硝酸盐浓度下的生理指标及肠道菌群变化情况。采用常规生物急性毒性试验法,得到亚硝酸盐胁迫下红螯螯虾的96 h半致死浓度为22.0 mg/L,安全浓度为2.2 mg/L。设置4个实验组,分别为A组(0 mg/L)、B组(0.5 mg/L)、C组(2.3 mg/L)和D组(5.0 mg/L),胁迫6周后取样检测。结果表明:各组成活率、肥满度、肝体指数无显著性差异(P>0.05),但D组成活率、体质量增加率、体长增加率最低。随亚硝酸盐浓度的增加,肝小管排列趋于混乱且大小出现差异,肝小管间结缔组织随之减少,产生空泡化,在D组中变化尤为明显。SOD活性随亚硝酸盐浓度升高而降低,在肝胰腺中,A组显著高于其他3组(P<0.05),D组显著低于其他3组(P<0.05);在肌肉中,A组显著高于C、D组(P<0.05),D组显著低于A、B组(P<0.05)。MDA活性随亚硝酸盐浓度升高而升高,在肝胰腺中,4组均无显著差异(P>0.05);在肌肉中,A组显著低于C、D组(P<0.05)。免疫相关指标均随亚硝酸盐浓度升高而降低,在肝胰腺中,4组ACP、AKP活性均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),A组最高,D组最低;在肌肉中,A组ACP活性显著高于其他3组(P<0.05);4组AKP活性均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),A组最高,D组最低;各组UL活性无显著性差异(P>0.05)。能量代谢指标TG活性随亚硝酸盐浓度升高而降低,A组显著高于D组(P<0.05)。亚硝酸盐胁迫在一定程度上提高了肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)的比例,且菌群多样性D组最低,A组最高,亚硝酸盐导致了肠道菌群多样性的下降。     

Effects of suspended solids in the survival and haematological parameters of pacu juveniles (Piaractus mesopotamicus) in a biofloc technology culture system

This study determined the effects of total suspended solids (TSS) on pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) culture in a biofloc technology (BFT) system by performing two experiments. Experiment 1 evaluated the LC50-96 h of pacu at seven TSS levels (0, 1500, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000 and 7000 mg L^?1). Experiment 2 evaluated haematological variables (glucose, pH, haematocrit, haemoglobin, erythrocytes and haematimetric indices) in juveniles exposed to five different sublethal TSS concentrations (0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg L^?1) for 5 days. Treatments below 5000 mg L^?1 did not cause mortality, and the LC50-96 h of TSS was estimated at 5477 mg L^?1. The TSS concentrations that caused mortality in pacu juveniles were extremely high and rarely maintained in culture systems. Exposure to high TSS concentrations (mainly 750 and 1000 mg L^?1) increased blood glucose, pH, heamatocrit, erythrocytes, haemoglobin values and haematimetric indices on the first day. On the fifth day, most of the evaluated parameters stabilized at different TSS concentrations. In conclusion, pacu exposed to high TSS concentrations for short periods may undergo physiological changes, and TSS concentrations below 250 mg L^?1 are recommended for its culture in a BFT system.