半农半牧区农户生产现状及对气候变化的感知与应对——基于内蒙古林西县的调查研究

半农半牧区是全球气候变化反应敏感的生态脆弱带。该地区农业基础设施落后,人口与资源矛盾突出,生产力水平低下,经济欠发达,受气候变化影响,农民的生产生活水平的维持与提高面临着十分严峻的挑战。本调查研究以内蒙古赤峰市林西县为例,利用1954~2009年气象数据资料分析了该地区56年来年际和主要季节温度、降水变化趋势;同时,选用60个农户家庭调查样本,研究了农户家庭基本状况与经营现状、农牧户家庭对气候变化及其影响的感知与应对策略。最后,在全面总结研究结果的基础上提出增强农户家庭气候变化适应能力的对策建议。     

Spatio-temporal variation of environmental signals inducing seed germination in temperate conifer plantations and natural hardwood forests in northern Japan

To document the spatial and temporal variation of environmental signals inducing seed germination in temperate forests, we measured temporal patterns of environmental signals and seed germination of six pioneer tree species in unthinned and thinned stands of conifer forests (Cryptomeria japonica plantations) and in the understory and gaps of hardwood forests in Japan. We also conducted germination experiment in laboratory for the six pioneer species to test the effects of red:far-red (R:FR) light ratio and temperature fluctuations on the seed germination. In conifer forests, the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), the R:FR ratio, and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations in thinned stands were 2, 1.5, and 3 times higher, respectively, than those of unthinned stands. The PPFD and R:FR ratios just above forest floor also increased after the removal of thick litter accumulation. As a result, higher seed germination was observed in thinned compared to unthinned stands for three photoblastic species, whereas little differences were observed for three non-photoblastic species. These findings suggest that thinning, which frequently reduces litter accumulation, can substantially affect the regeneration of pioneer species and the resultant species diversity in conifer plantations. None of the measured environmental signals changed seasonally in unthinned stands of conifer forests, but they all changed remarkably in the understory of the hardwood forests. In this system, all signals were high and nearly identical to those in the gaps in early spring prior to canopy closure. Thus, the percent germination of the three photoblastic species was enhanced by high R:FR ratios and/or large temperature fluctuations even beneath the canopy and was nearly equal to that in the thinned conifer stands where the environmental conditions were nearly identical to those in the gaps. However, all of the environmental signals decreased with the expansion of canopy leaves and reached minimums at canopy closure. Even in the thinned stands and the gaps, the PPFD and magnitude of temperature fluctuations decreased over time due to shading by growing herbs and/or emerging canopy leaves. In these temporally changing environments, the germination of all photoblastic species ceased simultaneously. This study clearly demonstrated that the environmental signals inducing seed germination of photoblastic pioneer species spatially and temporally change in temperate forests, particularly in deciduous hardwood forests. Furthermore, these signals, PPFD, R:FR ratio, and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations, appear to play a very important role in tree regeneration and subsequent species diversity.     

Improvement of direct tree seeding with cover crops in afforestation: Microclimate and resource availability induced by vegetation composition

The low cost of direct tree seeding makes it increasingly useful for afforestation. However, the success of the technique is often unpredictable due to a series of different adverse biotic and abiotic factors. A plant cover with low competitive ability towards resources could offer a natural alternative to the herbicides currently used to control weeds. The effects of cover plants on availability of resources and microclimate were studied in a field experiment in the central France during three years. An experiment design crossing three mixtures of tree seeds with four vegetation compositions (a bare soil, flora of the meadow, and two mixtures of cover plants) was established and repeated randomly in three blocks in a meadow. Vegetation composition, tree seedling emergence, light availability, soil water content, and temperatures under each treatment were measured. The vegetation composition of the meadow stayed stable, with grass species dominating. The cover plants sown disappeared rapidly after one or two years. Outcome of direct seeding of trees depended on the vegetation treatment. Bare soil gave the highest emergence rate while meadow vegetation gave the lowest, with the mixture of cover plants being intermediate. Light availability and soil water content were very low under the meadow vegetation but were very high on the bare soil, again with cover plant mixtures being intermediate. This study confirms that a bare soil obtained by herbicide is a secure way to ensure tree seedling establishment in afforestation by direct seeding. However, with the onus currently on reducing herbicide use, the results suggest that sowing a mixture of cover plants could be an acceptable alternative to herbicides. The cover plants could offer protection against frost, scorching temperatures, or the water run-off encountered on bare soil. However, there are also a number of unresolved issues that need be addressed before the cover plants technique can be recommended.     

Impacts of increased fire frequency and aridity on eucalypt forest structure,biomass and composition in southwest Australia

Water stress and fire disturbance can directly impact stand structure, biomass and composition by causing mortality and influencing competitive interactions among trees. However, open eucalypt forests of southwest Australia are highly resilient to fire and drought and may respond differently to increased fire frequency and aridity than forests dominated by non-eucalypt species. We measured the variation in stem density, basal area, stand biomass, sapwood area, leaf area and litterfall across 16 mixed jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and marri (Corymbia calophylla) forest stands along an aridity gradient in southwest Australia that had variable fire histories. Fire frequency was defined as the total number of fires over a ∼30-year period and aridity as the ratio of potential evapotranspiration to annual precipitation. Total stand biomass and sapwood area were predicted from diameter at breast height of individual jarrah and marri trees using allometric equations. Leaf area was estimated using digital cover photography. More arid and frequently burnt stands had higher stem density, especially of smaller trees, which were mainly jarrah. Overall, both standing biomass and leaf area decreased at more arid sites, while sapwood area was largely unaffected by aridity, suggesting that these stands respond to increased water limitation by decreasing their leaf area relative to their sapwood area. Biomass of marri was reduced at more arid and, to a lesser extent, at more frequently burnt stands. However, total stand biomass (jarrah and marri) and leaf area index did not vary with fire frequency, suggesting that less marri biomass (due to slower growth rates, higher mortality or less recruitment) was compensated by an increase in the density of jarrah trees (regeneration). We conclude that increased fire and drought shift tree species composition towards more fire-resistant species and result in denser stands of smaller trees. In contrast, total stand biomass declines with increasing aridity, but has no association with fire frequency.     

花椒抗花椒窄吉丁虫优树的选择

为选择对花椒窄吉丁具有抗性的优良花椒单株,设置优树选择标准,在陕西凤县12个乡镇72个花椒样地进行了调查.结果表明,大红袍花椒品种对花椒窄吉丁的抗性优于小红袍,花椒抗虫性与树龄、坡向、海拔有关,但地形对花椒的抗虫性影响不显著;经过逐步淘汰、评优,初步选出了对花椒窄吉丁具有抗性的优树7株.     

水曲柳育苗密度对苗木质量的影响

水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.)是东北地区三大珍贵硬阔叶用材树种之一,也是东北地区的造林树种.垄作时,水曲柳育苗密度决定苗木的产量和质量,试验结果表明,当密度达到50株/m时,是水曲柳的最优育苗密度,其苗高、地径、主根长和侧根数最优,高径比上的比例比较合适,有利于优质壮苗的培育.     

不同寄主松树对松突圆蚧耐寒性的影响

通过测定过冷却点和低温暴露试验,比较不同寄主松树上松突圆蚧的耐寒性.寄生黑松和马尾松松突圆蚧雌成虫的过冷却点比寄生湿地松和火炬松的显著较高,2类过冷却点的平均值相差0.9～2.3℃,但寄生黑松和马尾松的雌成虫之间、寄生湿地松和火炬松的雌成虫之间均无显著差异.寄生马尾松2龄性分化后雌若虫的过冷却点比寄生湿地松的显著较高(高2.08℃);而2龄性分化后雄若虫则无显著差异.寄生马尾松的初孵若虫、1龄若虫、2龄性分化前若虫、2龄性分化后雌若虫、2龄性分化后雄若虫、雌成虫及种群总体,对低温暴露致死的起始敏感温度和-20℃低温暴露的死亡率,均比寄生湿地松的相应虫态和种群总体更低;寄生马尾松松突圆蚧种群的致死中有效伤害低温累积(LSIT50)比寄生湿地松种群的低;2种寄主松树松突圆蚧各虫态及种群总体在低温暴露下死亡率的变化规律均符合改进后的双变量逻辑斯谛模型.研究结果说明:寄主松树能够影响松突圆蚧的过冷却点和低温暴露死亡率,寄生湿地松种群的耐寒性比寄生马尾松种群的弱.     

退耕还林与集体林权制度改革

退耕还林与集体林权制度改革具有相互联系、相互促进、相互发展的关系。退耕还林地块是集体林权制度改革的重要组成部分,集体林权制度改革有利于退耕还林成果的巩固,退耕还林可为集体林权制度改革提供有益的借鉴。为适应全面推进集体林权制度改革的新形势,提出了退耕还林工程区在深化集体林权制度改革时,要准确定位林业地位,科学区划林业发展布局,提高林地比较效益,发展林业产业,创新投资和管理机制,加强技术指导,制定扶持政策,实现林地可持续经营等对策措施。     

“近自然”城市公园改造分析——以新乡市卫河公园改造为例

阐述了"近自然"城市公园的概念与内涵、理论依据及设计原则,并以新乡市卫河公园的改造设计为例,详细介绍了"近自然"城市公园理念在城市公园改造中的实际应用。     

5种屋顶绿化植物抗旱性研究

对应用于屋顶绿化的5种园林植物的抗旱性进行研究,分析了不同水分胁迫条件下,5种植物的叶片相对电导率、叶片相对含水量、叶绿素荧光、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度等变化趋势。结果表明：随着水分胁迫强度的增大,5种植物的叶片相对电导率呈上升趋势,叶片相对含水量、叶绿素荧光、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈下降趋势,但不同植物的抗旱生理指标变化幅度不尽相同。主成分分析结果表明,综合抗旱能力强弱为小蚌兰>铺地锦>假花生>马缨丹>南美蟛蜞菊;叶片相对含水量是评价水分胁迫最重要的指标,其次为相对电导率。