鲁甸县核桃种质资源表型多样性调查初报

通过调查鲁甸核桃604株成年结果树的物候特征、植物学特性、坚果的经济性状及丰产性得出:鲁甸县核桃种质资源萌芽期为2月上旬至4月上旬,集中期为2月下旬到3月中旬,雌雄花开放期集中在3月中下旬至4月上旬,果实成熟期集中在9月至10月;植物学上,在叶形、枝条颜色、雌花柱头、子房颜色、雄花序长度、青果性状等方面存在多样性;鲁甸核桃每果枝坐果数为1~7,还有串串核桃的存在,丰产性好;在树形方面,表现为自然圆头形、自然开心形、自然分层形、自然圆锥形的多样性,核桃坚果的三径均值、出仁率、仁重、单果重、壳厚的变异系数分别为9.48%、13.46%、24.05%、25.46%、25.74%,多样性较丰富。     

光照和施肥对青钱柳幼苗叶片性状与解剖结构的影响

以青钱柳1年生幼苗为对象,研究光照和施肥对其复叶性状、气孔特征和叶片解剖结构的影响。结果表明,光照及光照和施肥2因子的交互作用对叶片性状和解剖结构各指标有显著或极显著影响,施肥仅对叶片厚度有显著影响;全光照下青钱柳叶面积最小,叶片较厚,栅栏组织和海绵组织排列紧密,叶片气孔小而密;光照强度减弱使叶片面积增加,叶片变薄,比叶质量下降,气孔密度减小,气孔变长变宽;全光照下,复叶面积、复叶干质量和比叶质量随施肥量增加而增加,叶片厚度也有一定的增加。中等光照下施肥20 g/株处理的复叶面积和复叶干质量最大,说明中等光照且适量施肥是青钱柳幼苗生长的最佳条件。     

部分肉牛类群CAPN1基因第9外显子多态性及其与肉质性状的相关性

通过研究部分肉牛类群CAPN1基因第9外显子多态性及其与肉质性状的相关性,发现与肉牛生产性状相关的分子标记,为加快肉牛选育进程,提高肉牛生产性能提供参考。采用PCR-SSCP技术对早胜牛(庆阳类群、平凉类群)、南杂牛(南德温牛×早胜牛庆阳类群)、秦杂牛(秦川牛×早胜牛平凉类群)、西杂牛(西门塔尔牛×早胜牛平凉类群)、荷斯坦奶公牛和澳洲黑牛共391头个体的CAPN1基因外显子9进行遗传变异检测,运用SPSS17.0软件分析早胜牛平凉类群遗传变异与肉质性状的关联性。结果表明,CAPN1基因第9外显子存在突变位点G458C,并检测到GG、GC和CC 3种基因型。相关性分析表明,CAPN1的G458C位点与pH、剪切力和滴水损失差异显著相关(P0.05),CC基因型剪切力和滴水损失显著低于GG和GC型(P0.05),其他性状在各基因型间差异不显著。因此,推测CAPN1基因的突变位点G458C可以作为牛肉嫩度的遗传标记。     

夏季填闲对连作黄瓜根区土壤酶活性及土壤化学性状的影响

采用盆栽试验,以小麦、黑麦、苏丹草,鼠尾草、罗勒和油菜等六种植物为填闲作物,以夏季休闲为对照,研究不同夏季填闲作物对黄瓜根区土壤酶活性和化学性状的影响。结果表明,不同夏季填闲作物影响连作黄瓜根区土壤EC值、有机质含量、速效氮、磷、钾含量、土壤酶活性。其中填闲小麦处理对土壤EC值有显著降低作用;苏丹草、油菜和黑麦处理对土壤碱解氮含量具有显著降低作用;各填闲处理均能提升土壤速效磷含量,其中黑麦处理的作用效果显著高于其他处理。苏丹草和油菜处理与其他处理相比能够显著降低土壤速效钾含量。苏丹草、黑麦和小麦处理的土壤脲酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著高于对照;油菜处理的土壤多酚氧化酶活性显著高于其他处理;除油菜外,各个填闲处理脱氢酶活性均显著高于对照。在提高连作黄瓜土壤的酶活性方面,各处理作用效果依次为苏丹草、黑麦、小麦、罗勒、鼠尾草、油菜。在降低养分富集、改善土壤化学性状方面,依次为油菜、苏丹草、黑麦、小麦、罗勒、鼠尾草。     

藏羊脂联素基因多态性及其与产肉性能的相关性分析

利用高分辨率熔解曲线技术对176头2周岁的甘肃藏羊（欧拉型、甘加型、乔科型）脂联素基因SNPs位点进行检测,运用GLM模型将检测到的SNPs位点与部分胴体及肉质性状的相关性进行了分析.结果表明：在脂联素第2外显子发现＋67G＞C突变使编码氨基酸由谷氨酸突变为谷氨酰胺;GG、GC基因型个体的宰前活重、胴体重均显著高于CC型（P＜0.05）.说明脂联素基因该位点可能是影响藏羊胴体及肉质性状的主效QTL或与之紧密连锁,可作为藏羊高档羊肉生产的候选分子标记.     

影响南非肉用美利奴羊生长性状的非遗传因素

根据山西省沁水示范牧场2005—2008年度出生的183只羔羊的0-12月龄的生长记录,采用SPSS 17.0软件分析了羔羊出生年份、出生月份、出生类型、母亲年龄、哺育类型和性别等非遗传因素对南非肉用美利奴羊生长性状的影响。结果表明：①出生年份和母亲年龄对初生重的影响极显著（P〈0.01）;②出生年份、出生月份和性别对断奶重的影响极显著（P〈0.01）;③出生年份和性别对周岁重的影响极显著（P〈0.01）;④出生类型和性别对初生重的影响显著（P〈0.05）;⑤其余各因素对体重影响均不显著（P〉0.05）。这些结果可为今后估计南非肉用美利奴羊遗传参数和育种值时固定效应的划分提供科学依据,为该品种早期选种奠定基础。     

Marine fish life history strategies: applications to fishery management

The life history traits of 42 marine fish species were grouped according to the theoretical classifications of life history strategies. This provides a conceptual framework of management options, because life history strategies are the underlying determinants for population responses to climate and ocean changes, they can be used to classify typical population responses. When faced with providing management advice for species for which there is no information on absolute or relative biomass, such as newly exploited species, life history traits can be used to classify the species into a strategist grouping and the appropriate management options can be selected from the conceptual framework.     

Automated image analysis as a tool to quantify the colour and composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.) cutlets

The goal of this paper is to propose and evaluate automated image analysis methods for describing muscle cutlets in rainbow trout. The proposed automated image analysis methods were tested on a total of 983 scanned images of trout cutlets, and included quality traits such as fat percentage, flesh colour and the size of morphologically distinguishable subparts of the cutlet. A sub-sample of 50 images was randomly selected for manual segmentation of the cutlet, the dorsal fat depot and the red muscle and regions. The identification of these regions by manual and automatic image analysis correlated strongly (r = 0.97, r = 0.95 and r = 0.91, respectively). The estimated fat percentage obtained from image analysis, based on the area of visible fat and the colour of the cutlet flesh, correlated well with chemical fat percentage measured by mid-infrared transmission spectroscopy (MIT) (r = 0.78). The automated image analysis methods are therefore a reliable means of predicting the fat percentage of trout cutlets. Principal component analysis (PCA) loading plots were used to identify subsets of variables from the image analysis of special significance for further studies; cutlet area, dorsal fat depot area, red muscle area, back height, cutlet width, and width of left and right abdomen wall were among the variables selected. PCA loading plots of different colour variables indicated that simple statistical coefficients such as percentiles and mean values can be used to quantify different aspects of flesh colour. In conclusion, the methods presented here provide a powerful toolbox for describing important morphological structures and quality traits of trout cutlets.     

Genetic covariation in production traits of sub-adult black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri after grow-out

Predicting the suitability and reliability of traits associated with juvenile growth as indirect selection criteria for choosing future broodstock requires accurate and repeatable estimates of genetic (co)variation for growth traits at different ages. We compared juvenile wet weight of black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri (Munro) at 6 months of age with wet weight, dressed weight, fillet yield and gonad weight in tagged individuals at 18 months of age, following 12 months of farm grow‐out. Fish survival and tag retention was high, and there was significant among‐family variation for all traits. The phenotypic correlations among wet weight, dressed weight and fillet yield at 18 months of age were very high (0.93–0.97) and similar to their genetic correlations (0.96). Importantly, the phenotypic correlations between wet weight at 6 months and wet weight, dressed weight and fillet yield at 18 months were high (0.63–0.65), and so too were their genetic correlations (0.66–0.73), indicating the potential for using wet weight in the hatchery as a selection criterion for improved weight and meat yield of fish at harvest. Gonad weight shared little or no phenotypic or genetic correlation with these other traits, suggesting that selection for faster growing fish will not affect fecundity or sexual maturation rate. It appears, however, that cultured black bream do become sexually mature more rapidly than wild fish, as 78% of all fish harvested in this study had developing or mature gonads, whereas less than 50% of fish in wild populations are reproductively mature by the same age. Precocious sexual development may lead to uncontrolled spawning in grow‐out ponds and a potential loss of selection gains.     

Reproductive performance of cultured brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in Chile

Data on reproductive traits in a cultured population of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in southern Chile were collected over three consecutive reproductive seasons: 1999, 2000 and 2001, corresponding to the first (at 3 years), second and third spawnings in females. Data were collected from individual females (n=238, 273 and 169 respectively). The reproductive season lasted mainly from June to August. The peak (July) tended to increase with each season (55.46%, 62.27% and 80.81% of total spawning fish respectively). Female body weight (470.8±102.5, 735.0±150 and 1263.9±263.4 g), total fecundity (1182±344, 1904±595 and 2744±605) and egg diameter (4.64±0.11, 4.67±0.27 and 5.24±0.12 mm) increased significantly (P<0.01) over successive reproductive seasons, particularly between the second and third spawnings. Relative fecundity, on the other hand, decreased significantly with each season (3577±471, 2591±900 and 2181±360). Following analysis of the variables over the three seasons, the correlation pattern of female body weight with total fecundity (r=0.91, n=458; P<0.001) and relative fecundity (r=?034, n=451; P<0.001) proved similar to that described in other salmonid females. Fertilization rate and survival to the eyed egg stage were also positively correlated (r=0.73, n=453; P<0.001). The systematically high values obtained for these latter variables over the seasons evaluated (consistently above 90%) are clearly greater than those we registered in other species of salmonids bred in Chile under similar conditions and suggest highly efficient biological variables that determine the gamete fertilization of this species. The brown trout is, therefore, an interesting potential aquaculture resource in Chile.