Dissection of antioxidant activity of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) grains as evaluated by the new LOX/RNO method

Antioxidant activity (AA) of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) grains was studied using the innovative LOX/RNO method, able to simultaneously detect different antioxidant mechanisms, and the TEAC assay, one of the most widely used assays. Insoluble-bound and free-soluble phenols, hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds were extracted from eight different whole flour samples; extracts were analyzed for AA and their content in several antioxidants. The LOX/RNO method measured very high AA values, with the highest ones [850–1500 μmol Trolox eq./g whole flour (dry weight)] for insoluble-bound phenolic extracts, highly correlated to total phenolic (r = 0.761, P < 0.001) and ferulic acid (r = 0.816, P < 0.001) contents. Hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts showed lower AA [70-140 and 40–60 μmol Trolox eq./g (dry weight), respectively], highly correlated to flavonoid (r = 0.583, P < 0.01) and protein (r = 0.602, P < 0.01), as well as β-tocotrienol (r = 0.684, P < 0.05) contents, respectively. Interestingly, the LOX/RNO method suggests that insoluble-bound phenolic compounds may exert very strong synergistic interactions within the extract. Contrarily, the TEAC assay did not correlate to any antioxidant content, resulted unable to highlight differences among samples, measured much lower AA values and did not suggest synergism. The use of the LOX/RNO method is useful to unearth new properties of phytochemicals from durum wheat grains, potentially giving health benefits.     

麦秸还田与氮肥运筹对超级稻强弱势粒粒重与品质的影响

 以两个超级稻品种（籼稻扬两优6号和粳稻南粳45）为材料,设置麦秸还田和氮肥运筹两种处理方式,研究其对籽粒粒重与主要米质的影响。结果表明,两处理的影响程度在品种类型与不同粒位间（强、弱势粒）存在差异。与麦秸不还田相比,麦秸还田提高籽粒千粒重、粗蛋白含量和崩解值,降低了整精米率、垩白度、直链淀粉含量和消减值;与m基蘖肥∶m穗粒肥=5∶5处理相比,m基蘖肥∶m穗粒肥=7∶3处理增加了千粒重、垩白度、直链淀粉含量、崩解值,降低了整精米率、粗蛋白含量和消减值。两处理对弱势籽粒千粒重、整精米率、垩白度等的调控作用显著大于强势粒;对千粒重、整精米率、粗蛋白含量等的影响,麦秸还田与氮肥运筹之间存在互作效应;麦秸还田方式下,氮肥比例控制在5.5∶4.5或6∶4左右,可以较好地协调粒重与米质。     

水稻前氮后移施肥初探

经过1 a三点的试验,可初步看出,返青、分蘖肥的多少对单位面积有效穗数并不起决定性作用,前期施入过多的氮肥,反而造成稻株发育不健壮,无效分蘖多,过早封垄,群体过分繁茂,通风透光性能差,容易发生病、虫危害,低部叶片过早枯死,中后期易脱肥,容易发生早衰,容易造成倒伏等弊端。同时可以看出,施用接力肥和保花肥对水稻每穗粒数及千粒重的增加有明显的作用。从产量上来看,施用接力肥和保花肥的处理（前氮后移）比前重型施肥增产明显,约增产10%～45%。     

Effects of dietary 60 g kg−1 dried distiller's grains in least‐cost practical diets on production and gut allochthonous bacterial composition of cage‐cultured fish: comparison among fish species with different natural food habits

Dried distiller's grain (DDG) is considered as an alternative ingredient of dietary feed due to its high contents of protein, fibre and fat. In this study, 60 g kg^‐1 of DDG was used to feed grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), bluntnose black bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) and black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) for 8 weeks, and its effect on fish production and gut allochthonous microbiota was investigated for the development of a suitable fish feed high in nutrients and low in cost for polyculture freshwater fish. DDG supplementation resulted in the less weight gain and higher feed conversion ratio of black carp (P < 0.05), but had no significant effects on other fish or parameters. PCR–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis indicated that all four fish species had some common and unique bacteria in their digestive tracts, and the gut microbiota of bluntnose black and gibel carp fed the control diet and DDG diets were very similar (Cs > 91%); of them, the total counts of intestinal bacteria studied by qPCR increased in grass carp (P < 0.05) and depressed in black carp (P < 0.05) when fed dietary DDG. Thus, we assumed that dietary DDG modulated production and gut microbiota of fish in a host‐specific way.     

开菲尔粒中产球菌样细菌素乳酸菌的分离与鉴定

利用MRS选择培养基筛选开菲尔粒中具有抑菌作用的乳酸菌。采用牛津杯琼脂扩散法,结合对理化抗性特征的鉴定、抗菌谱测定、菌落形态与特征和生理生化实验鉴定,结合伯杰氏手册对分离到的菌株进行鉴定。生理生化反应为乳酸菌,菌落形态与特征为球菌,对多数的革兰氏阴性菌有抑制作用,该菌株为乳酸乳球菌二乙酰乳酸亚种。鉴定分离为产球菌样细菌...     

Glass transition behavior of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS)

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a major co-product from the corn ethanol industry, has high feed value for its chemical composition. The ratio of wet distillers grains (WDG) and condensed distillers solubles (CDS) added during the production process determines the chemical composition of DDGS. Effect of changing this ratio and the influence of moisture content on glass transition behavior of DDGS was studied. Five prediction models were evaluated to explain the glass transition of DDGS. The mixed trends in the result indicated the complex behavior of DDGS particles and revealed that both moisture content and chemical composition impact the glass transition behavior of DDGS. Onset glass transition temperature ranged from 20 to 30 °C depending on the chemical composition. Kwei equation predictions were better than the predictions by Gordon-Taylor equation. The glass transition temperature of DDGS can be mathematically explained by combining the moisture content and chemical components protein, fiber, glycerol, and sugar percent. The artificial neural network (ANN) model gave a better prediction of onset and midpoint glass transition temperature of DDGS and this might be due to the accurate mapping of the interaction between chemical components.     

Factors that modify early and late reproductive phases in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): Its impact on seed yield and oil content

Oilseed rape yield potential could be improved lengthening the duration of the late reproductive phase by increasing the number of grains per unit area. Photoperiod sensitivity could be used as a tool to manipulate the reproductive phase and thereby the number of grains. The aim of this study was to assess (i) the effects of different combinations of photoperiod on the duration of different phases and (ii) analyze how the changes in that duration affect yield (and its components) as well as oil seed content in oilseed rape. Field experiments were conducted in a factorial combination of three cultivars and three photoperiod regimes: natural photoperiod (NP) which represents the control and extended photoperiod of 6 h over NP (NP + 6) during emergence (E)-flower buds visible (FBV) and FBV-maturity (M) arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates, during two years representing three environments. Results showed that oilseed rape evidenced photoperiod responses during vegetative and early reproductive phases. Due to the lack of correlation between the duration of the vegetative and reproductive phases, it is possible to speculate the vegetative period may be altered independently of the modification of the rest of the phases. The positive relationship between grain number per m² and the duration of the late reproductive phase suggests that yield could be increased by lengthening the duration of that phase. Thus, regardless of the effect on the previous phase, the photoperiod sensitivity found in the early reproductive phase opens the possibility to manipulate the relative durations of vegetative and reproductive phases. Therefore, the length of the reproductive phase will be increased at the expense of a reduction in the duration of the vegetative phase, but without changing the whole duration of the crop cycle. This strategy could increase yield in oilseed rape in the future. Variations in yield were mostly explained by changes in the grain number per unit area without significant correlation with grain weight. However, a negative relationship between grain weight and grain number was found, showing a slight counterbalance in yield, by decreasing the grain weight. Since oil concentration appeared to be a more conservative attribute, increases in crop yield through a higher grain number per unit area would be a suitable strategy for improving oil yield as no reductions in oil concentration can be expected.     

不同栽培环境下籼稻整精米率和垩白度稳定性评价

利用2015年福建省水稻研究所水稻新品种筛选试验中42个杂交籼稻(包括早、中、晚稻)作为研究对象,对整精米率和垩白度2项米质性状稳定性进行探讨。研究表明:早稻种植点中连城整精米率显著高于其他种植点,垩白度显著低于其他种植点;中稻种植点中新罗整精米率最高,而南靖垩白度最低;晚稻种植点中漳州整精米率最高、垩白度最低。在不同种植环境下,早籼整精米率差异最大,中籼居中,晚籼最小,3者变异系数为56.0%、21.6%和11.0%;早、中、晚3种类型籼稻垩白度差异都较显著,3者变异系数分别为35.1%、34.9%和31.2%。因此,在福建省水稻新品种品质评价中应对不同稻区的稻米品质表现进行综合评价;另外,结合福建省早稻实际生产状况建议福建省新品种区试中选取连城作为早稻米质鉴定取样点。     

中国居民口粮消费特征变化及安全耕地数量

明晰中国口粮消费的变化特征是保障中国粮食安全的根本。全国尺度的中国健康与营养调查数据提供了多期的中国城乡居民口粮消费调查数据。文章利用食物成分表将中国健康与营养调查数据折算成原粮,分析1997-2011年中国城乡居民口粮消费的数量与结构变化特征,以期明晰中国城乡居民口粮消费的真实情景。结果表明:1)近年来中国城乡居民口粮消费量明显减少,1997-2011年间,中国城镇居民口粮消费量从168.4 kg/a下降到111.2 kg/a,农村居民从209.6 kg/a下降到131.5 kg/a,全国平均水平从196.6 kg/a下降到124.7 kg/a。以发达国家或地区口粮消费的125 kg/a稳定态为参考,中国城乡居民口粮消费的下降区间可能有限。2)城乡口粮消费的差距在缩小。1997-2011年间,中国城镇与农村居民的口粮消费差距由41.2 kg/a缩小为20.3 kg/a,而且两者也正由存在显著性差异向无显著差异转变,最终两者可能会归为统一值。3)2011年中国口粮绝对安全的耕地保障面积为2 691.6万hm2,约占1/4的基本农田面积。《全国种植业结构调整规划(2016-2020年)》稳定2020年稻谷、小麦8亿亩播种面积,极有可能会造成稻谷与小麦的生产过剩,产生口粮饲用或卖粮难的现象。     

超级稻弱势粒灌浆机理及其调控技术研究

水稻籽粒灌浆是水稻生长的重要生理过程,直接影响到水稻的结实和产量。从籽粒灌浆特性、激素和酶等方面分析了超级稻籽粒充实不良的成因与机理及提高超级稻籽粒充实的调控途径,旨在揭示水稻的强弱势籽粒灌浆差异的机理,为有效地挖掘超级稻高产潜力提供理论依据。