单针电极高压静电场下蒸馏水蒸发作用范围的研究

探讨了单针电极与平板接地电极形成的高压静电场对蒸馏水蒸发的作用范围。结果表明,蒸馏水的蒸发速度与以针尖正下方水面为圆心的半径呈二次曲线关系。     

东北农田黑土蒸发量与土壤水分及气象因子的关系

为准确地掌握东北农田黑土水分蒸发量的变化规律,2007年8月开始在吉林省吉林市龙潭区江密峰苗圃进行蒸发量测量试验,采用称质量法测量不同设置水分条件下农田黑土的昼夜蒸发量,并根据蒸发量与测量的气象因子建立了相应的回归方程.结果表明:土壤蒸发量与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关;土壤蒸发量在不同土壤含水量之间差异显著.通常情况下,土壤白天的蒸发量大约是夜间的12倍,全天蒸发量集中在11:00-15:00,占全天蒸发量的60%～70%.土壤蒸发量与光合有效辐射和风速呈显著的正相关,与其它气象因子相关关系不显著.     

基于大型称重式蒸渗仪研究北疆滴灌麦田蒸散量

基于大型称重式蒸渗仪研究了北疆地区滴灌冬小麦不同时段(生育阶段、日、时)的农田水分蒸散特征,分析了气温、相对湿度、风速等因子对农田水分蒸散的影响及产量和蒸散的关系,旨在为北疆地区滴灌冬小麦的灌溉制度制定提供理论依据。3个灌水处理分别为全生育期灌溉375、600和750 mm。结果表明,在滴灌冬小麦全生育期内日蒸散量为抽穗–乳熟>拔节–抽穗>乳熟–成熟>返青–拔节>播种–越冬>越冬–返青;在一天中,滴灌冬小麦农田水分蒸散主要发生在8:00–20:00,夜间20:00–8:00蒸散量较小且比较稳定,时蒸散量随天气变化而改变。滴灌条件下,冬小麦的棵间蒸发量占农田水分蒸散的25.2%~28.3%。棵间蒸发与土壤含水率和叶面积指数具有良好的二元二次模拟关系,拟合系数为0.98。综合产量和水分利用效率,滴灌冬小麦的蒸散量为600~650 mm。本研究对合理制定滴灌冬小麦的灌溉制度具有重要的参考价值。     

基于SPEI和MI分析陕西省干旱特征及趋势变化

【目的】目前干旱研究多为基于历史干旱事件分析成因与变化趋势,而结合过去与未来长时间序列数据更能揭示干旱变化特点。寻找在基于CMIP5模型输出未来气象数据时模拟干旱指数方法并探究陕西省过去与未来干旱变化特点,为陕西省未来农业水资源管理提供依据。【方法】根据陕西省18个气象站历史数据以及CMIP5模式输出未来气象数据,比较了3种模型模拟参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET₀）,并基于参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET₀）和降水数据计算标准降水蒸发指数（SPEI）和相对湿润指数（MI）反映干旱程度,比较过去（1958—2018年）与未来（2019—2100年）干旱的时空变化特点。【结果】多元线性回归模型（Multiple Linear Regression, MLR）能较准确的模拟参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET₀）（RMSE=0.457 mm·d ^-1）;在RCP2.6和RCP8.5情景下未来干旱指数呈现上升趋势,在RCP8.5情景下,21世纪40年代存在干旱指数的突变年份;陕西省未来干旱程度降低,年内干旱分布更加不均匀;未来时期夏玉米生长季干旱程度减小,冬小麦生长季干旱程度增加。【结论】在不同RCP情景下,未来干旱变化特征存在差异,相同RCP情景下,SPEI和MI反映的干旱特征变化基本一致,但部分时段存在变化差异。为有效应对气候变化对旱作作物产量造成的负面影响,应当增强土壤蓄水保墒能力,尤其加强冬小麦生长季的抗旱工作。     

K干旱指数在干旱监测中的应用

利用丹东地区气象观测站1954—2016年逐月降水量、蒸发量等资料,采用K干旱指数划分干旱等级、监测干旱状况,并检验在实际监测中的应用效果。结果表明,与实际的旱情比较,K干旱指数在丹东地区干旱监测中有较好的监测效果。     

近59年锦州市气候变化特征分析

利用1951～2009年锦州市常规气象资料,分析了锦州市温度、降水、日照、风速和蒸发量的变化特征。结果表明,近59年锦州市年平均气温呈显著的上升趋势,年日照时数呈下降趋势,年降水量呈下降趋势,年平均风速呈显著下降趋势,年蒸发量呈上升趋势,平均年蒸发量是年降水量的3.1倍,年日照时间与年蒸发量呈正相关关系,与年降水量呈负相关关系。     

车载汽油蒸气回收方法的研究

为了减少汽车的加油蒸发排放,分析了加油过程中存在的蒸发污染的问题,通过控制设备的成本、结构等因素的比较,提出了车载汽油蒸气回收的办法。简述了车载汽油蒸气回收装置的类型、特点和工作原理,以动密封式车载汽油蒸气回收装置为例进行粗略的分析。使用车载汽油蒸气回收装置前后汽油车汽油蒸发污染物的排放趋势的预测结果表明,应用车载汽油蒸气回收装置,同时改进在用车上原有的汽油蒸发污染物控制装置,能够减少汽车加油过程中的蒸发污染物,是一种节约汽车能源、防治污染的有效措施。     

Evaporation from a Clay Soil Covered with a Surface Mulch - Three Lysimeter Studies

Cultivation systems with mulching have been successfully tested in spring cereals for several years in Sweden. The water conserving effect of the mulch was considered to be important in these field experiments. Three experiments with lysimeters were conducted in this study to investigate the effect on evaporation of a) different amounts of mulch, b) different types of mulch and c) different frequencies of rain in combination with mulching. The lysimeters contained undisturbed soil cores from a heavy clay soil. The protection against evaporation was largest at the beginning of soil drying. It increased with increasing amounts of mulch, but there were no differences in protection between the various kinds of mulch tested. Accumulated evaporation was 12, 14 and 30% lower in the mulched compared to bare soil after 28 days with no rain, infrequent rain and frequent rain respectively. The implications for designing a cultivation system with mulching are discussed as well as its potential in different weathers.     

Influences of Seedbed Bottom Properties on Seed Germination and Water Relations

Placement of seeds on a firm, moist seedbed bottom has proved important for crop establishment in spring in Sweden. However, most modern seed drills can place the seed at the desired depth independent of a firm seedbed bottom. This was not the case with older equipment. In this work, the importance of a firm seedbed bottom was evaluated, where germination of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under dry weather conditions was studied on a clay, a silty clay loam and a sandy loam with or without a firm seedbed bottom. The experiments were carried out in lysimeters protected from precipitation. Time-domain reflectometry was used for soil water content measurements, and thermocouples to monitor soil temperature. A firm seedbed bottom greatly improved seed germination on the clay soil with a small content of plant available water, but not on the other soils. On all soils, a loose seedbed bottom increased maximum surface soil temperature.     

The potential for monolayers to reduce the evaporation of water from large water storages

In the laboratory, molecularly thick films of compounds such as hexadecanol and octadecanol have been shown to retard the evaporation of water. While such monolayers offer the prospect of an economical solution to the evaporative loss of water from storages there are practical difficulties arising mainly from the short lifetimes of these monolayers on the water surface. This review article describes the relevant laboratory experiments and results, and then discusses the problems that have arisen in field applications. It is clear that better monolayer materials are required and that better methods of monolayer distribution would also be helpful. Although no resolution of these difficulties is available at present it is hoped that a better understanding of the problems will stimulate further research.