短脚锦鸡儿灌丛对植物群落和土壤微生物群落的促进效应研究

以内蒙古荒漠区短脚锦鸡儿灌木为研究对象,采用野外调查法分析灌丛对植物群落的影响,采用传统培养法,结合分子鉴定法分析灌丛对土壤微生物群落的影响。结果表明:(1)灌丛内植物群落多度和总生物量显著大于灌丛外,但是物种丰度和Shannon-Wiener指数灌丛内外无显著差异;(2)随土壤深度的增加,表层土与深层土的土壤可培养细菌丰度和真菌多度差异不显著,其余土壤微生物群落多样性特征均表现为:表层土显著大于深层土;(3)灌丛对土壤微生物群落具有正效应,且表层土正效应最大;(4)灌丛对植物群落的促进作用大于对土壤微生物群落的作用。     

Succession of soil bacterial and fungal communities of Caragana korshinskii plantation in a typical agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China over a 50-a period

Bacterial and fungal communities play critical roles in reestablishing vegetation structure, function and biodiversity in ecosystem restoration in arid and semi-arid areas. However, the long-term successional changes in bacterial and fungal communities that occur with artificial vegetation development are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the successional changes in bacterial and fungal communities in Caragana korshinskii Kom. plantation over a period of 50 a (6, 12, 18, 40 and 50 a) and their relationships with key soil environmental factors in a typical agro-pastoral ecotone, northern China. The results showed that bacterial and fungal diversities (α- and β-diversity) were significantly affected by plantation age; moreover, the change in fungal community was more evident than that in bacterial community. Soil samples from 12 a plantation had the highest (P<0.05) bacterial and fungal α-diversity (i.e., abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) and Chao1 index) at 0-10 cm depth compared with other samples. However, soil samples from plantation at the late recovery stage (40-50 a) had the highest α-diversity at 10-20 cm depth. Soil bacterial community was not significantly affected by plantation age at the genus level; but, soil fungal community was significantly affected at the genus level. Overall, Mortierella and Chaetomium were the dominant genera at natural recovery stage (0 a); Inocybe was the dominant genus at the early recovery stage (6-12 a); Inocybe and Mortierella were the dominant genera at the mid-recovery stage (12-40 a); And Mortierella, Cladosporium and Humicola were the dominant genera at the late recovery stage (40-50 a). Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that β-glucosidase activity, total nitrogen and soil organic carbon were closely associated with bacterial community composition, while alkaline phosphatase, urease activity and total nitrogen were associated with fungal community composition, indicating that changes in enzyme activity and soil nutrients were the most important determinants of dominant genera. Furthermore, pathogenic microorganisms (Cladosporium and Humicola) were dominant in soils from 40-50 a plantation, which may affect plant growth, resulting in the decline of C. korshinskii plantation. Overall, the findings of this study improve the understanding of ecological patterns of bacterial and fungal communities in artificial vegetation and provide an important scientific basis for comprehensive ecological restoration management in arid and semi-arid areas.     

水分缓释在柠条复合型包衣种子中的研究

飞播包衣种子技术是沙区植被恢复与重建的重要手段,但目前该技术存在一个亟需解决的问题,即飞播种子的成活率低。本文以沙生先锋植物柠条种子为材料,利用正交试验设置不同包衣材料组合,再通过研究不同组分的包衣种子发芽率、苗质量以及包衣种子的多项物理指标,确立了适合柠条种子的丸化包衣剂最佳配方,即乙基纤维素1.5%、凹凸棒黏土和滑石粉的比例为2∶1和10%的“旱可舒”保水剂,并且最终的丸化倍率为1.0。该丸化包衣种子具有一定的吸水功能,在丸化包衣的基础上,再筛选出“尤特奇 (Eudragit) RS 30D”为成膜材料,制成厚度为10%的包衣薄膜,该薄膜可以有效“控制”柠条种子在不适合成苗的降雨量下的萌发,同时不影响在丰富降雨量条件下正常萌发与成苗。毛乌素沙漠实地播种试验结果表明,经过丸化包衣处理的柠条种子,其成苗率提高了22%;对丸化包衣处理的柠条种子,再经过外敷薄膜包衣处理后,其成苗率提高了88%,明显高于丸化包衣处理的种子。这种复合型的丸化薄膜包衣种子可为毛乌素沙区的飞播治沙提供新的思路。      

低覆盖度柠条固沙林不同配置对植被修复的影响

低覆盖度行带式固沙林具有显著的防风固沙效果,已经在我国的半干旱地区广泛推广。针对内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市和林格尔县不同配置的柠条锦鸡儿人工林,进一步研究不同带间宽度带内植被自然恢复过程及物种多样性的差异,结果表明:(1)在覆盖度为20%左右时,合理的行带式格局分布的柠条锦鸡儿人工林带间植被的恢复效果优于随机分布格局的样地。(2)柠条行带式造林不宜太窄和盖度太大,会影响其林下物种丰富度。(3)宽的带间距带内物种丰富度与物种多样性和均匀度以及其生物量变化曲线呈现了两个高峰,出现在距柠条带6-8m左右,而窄的带间距带内只有一个高峰。因此,该地区柠条带宽度为12m-16m可以使其带内的草本物种多样性和生物量达到最大。     

黄土丘陵区柠条灌木林合理平茬期的研究

本文根据柠条(Caragana korshinskii)生长的特点,即生长速率随灌木林龄的变化呈近似正态分布的特征曲线,根据曲线的几何特征,提出以柠条生长速率与峰值和右拐点连线的斜率相等的点为平茬始点,以几何曲线的右拐点为平茬终点的平茬方案。长期观测结果表明,柠条生长指标符合Logistic方程,本文以Logistic生长函数为例,说明了柠条灌木林平茬时间确定方法的具体推导过程。最后结合柠条生长指标(株高、分枝和生物量),对不同立地条件下柠条灌木林的合理平茬时间进行了探讨,结果表明,不同立地条件下柠条的合理平茬时间存在一定的差异,这种现象是由不同立地条件下水热环境的差异造成的。     

环境因素影响草地柠条生长的主成分及典型相关分析

为探讨柠条灌木林与各影响因素在生态恢复过程中的相互作用,并为柠条灌木林资源的合理开发利用提供理论依据,利用1985-2007年观测资料,选取18个指标,分别代表生长因子、气候因子、地形因子和土壤水分因子,基于主成分分析和典型相关分析,对宁夏固原河川上黄东山草地柠条林的生长过程进行了研究。结果表明:影响草地柠条生长的诸因子经主成分分析后可得5个主成分;其中气候因子、地形因子影响生长因子和土壤水分因子,同时生长因子又受土壤水分因子的制约。不同因子指标集团的典型相关分析表明,气候因子的积温、蒸发量影响地径和生物量,SW1、SW2、SW3、SW4、SW5和SW6受坡位、海拔、积温和蒸发量的共同影响,而生物量、株高和冠幅主要受SW2、SW3、SW4、SW6的影响。     

小叶锦鸡儿花棒固沙林生物生产力及适宜经营密度

通过对半固定沙地小叶锦鸡儿、花棒固沙林生物量的调查,初步确定了2个树种的生产力范围及适宜密度。调查结果表明,在嫩江沙地12年生小叶锦鸡儿林分最佳营林配置方式为带状,带距6m,穴距2．0m,花棒林分的稳定性远不如小叶锦鸡儿林分,在固定流沙方面,最好采用小叶锦鸡儿作为主栽树种。     

桦树柠条混交林生长效应的试验

通过对桦树柠条混交林及桦树纯林、柠条纯林的林木生长量、林分生物量、根系分布规律等的调查研究,结果表明,混交林的桦树高生长量比纯林桦树提高47．6％～119．5％,胸径提高44．1％～143．1％;混交林的林木生长量及单株生物量均高于纯林;混交林中桦树根系分布比纯林均匀,使林木充分利用土壤养分、水分、空间,利于林木的生长。     

中间锦鸡儿fad72基因克隆与序列分析

油酸去饱和酶FAD2（fatty acid desaturase 2）在油酸中引第二个双键生成亚油酸,是负责植物体内产生多不饱和脂肪酸的第一步关键酶。本研究采用RT—PCR和RACE（rapid amplification of cDNA ends）技术,以中间锦鸡儿未成熟种子为材料,克隆了三个fad2基因（分别命名为fad2-2A,fad2-1A和foa2-1B）。将这三个基因与汪阳东从中间锦鸡儿枝叶中克隆的fad2—2B（CaFAD2基因,GenBank登录号AY957394）一起进行了序列比对和分析。序列同源性比较结果表明,fad2—1A与fad2—1B同源性很高,fad2—1A编码的前283个氨基酸与fad2-1B的同源性高达98．9％,fad2—2B与faa2—1A的氨基酸序列同源性最低,只有64．7％。这四个基因的成功克隆,为进一步研究基因分工、调控方式打下了基础,为实现对锦鸡儿属植物脂肪酸成分直接、精确调控提供了保证,也是从一个物种中克隆四个fad2基因的第一次报道。     

中间锦鸡儿fad2基因克隆与序列分析

油酸去饱和酶FAD2(fatty acid desaturase 2)在油酸中引第二个双键生成亚油酸,是负责植物体内产生多不饱和脂肪酸的第一步关键酶.本研究采用RT-PCR和RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends)技术,以中间锦鸡儿未成熟种子为材料,克隆了三个fad2基因(分别命名为fad2-2A、fad2-1A和fad2-1B).将这三个基因与汪阳东从中间锦鸡儿枝叶中克隆的fad2-2B(CaFAD2基因,GenBank登录号AY957394)一起进行了序列比对和分析.序列同源性比较结果表明,fad2-1A与fad2-1B同源性很高,fad2-1A编码的前283个氨基酸与fad2-1B的同源性高达98.9%,fad2-2B与fad2-1A的氨基酸序列同源性最低,只有64.7%.这四个基因的成功克隆,为进一步研究基因分工、调控方式打下了基础,为实现对锦鸡儿属植物脂肪酸成分直接、精确调控提供了保证,也是从一个物种中克隆四个fad2基因的第一次报道.