A disease survey of Fusarium wilt and Alternaria blight on sweet potato in South Africa

A disease survey was conducted on sweet potato in the major production areas of South Africa in 2006-2008 to determine the importance of wilt disease (WD) and Alternaria blight (AB) caused by Alternaria bataticola. The disease prevalence, incidence and severity were assessed for both WD and AB in 58 sweet potato fields in seven provinces, and included both commercial and resource-poor growers. The prevalence of WD in commercial fields was significantly higher than in resource-poor fields; while disease incidence and severity were very low in both commercial and resource-poor fields. Soil pH showed a moderate negative linear correlation to WD severity. WD is at present considered a minor disease of sweet potato in South Africa, although local outbreaks can be damaging. AB had very low disease prevalence, incidence and severity levels in both commercial and resource-poor fields countrywide. However, one of the fields had moderately high disease incidence and severity levels, showing that the disease can be destructive if not controlled. AB should be considered a potentially destructive disease of sweet potato in South Africa. Fusarium oxysporum was consistently isolated from WD plants, with F. oxysporum f. sp. batatas identified, but other formae speciales were also associated with the disease.     

杏贮藏过程中主要致病菌的分离与鉴定

为有效控制杏果采后贮藏中的主要致病菌,对贮藏中腐烂小白杏果实上的病菌进行了分离与鉴定。分离并筛选得到了3种主要霉菌,经过形态结构鉴定和显微镜观察,确定为粉红单端孢霉（Trichothecium roseum）、链格孢霉（Alternaria alternata）和天门冬拟茎点霉（Phomopsis asparagi）。经过回接发现,该3种霉菌能使健康杏果致病,且病状与自然发病一致,从这些病斑中又分离得到了相同的霉菌,从而确定该3种霉菌为小白杏采后的主要致病菌。     

Isolation and Identification of Antifungal Ingredients from Artemisia hedinii北大核心CSCD

The extraction of Artemisia hedinii Ostenf. et Pauls(A. hedinii) were rough and further isolated by chromatographic separation technology, and the antifungal activity of the component was evaluated by the the spore germination method. Furthermore, the composition of antimicrobial components was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The results showed that 13 kinds of components(Fr.1-Fr.13) were rough isolated from the extraction of A. hedinii, in which the component Fr.5 showed the best antifungal activity. Four kinds of components (Fr.5.1-Fr.5.4) were obtained by the further separation of the component Fr.5. The EC50 of A. hedinii crude extraction on Alternaria alternate (A.alternate) spores was 5.04 g/L, and that of the component Fr.5.2 was 0.57 g/L. The HPLC-MS results showed that the components of Fr.5.2 mainly contained deoxy double hydroxyl artemether (17 %),deoxy dihydroartemisinin (43.65 %) and deoxyartemisinin (16.15 %). The content of dihydroartemisinin of component Fr.5.2 was calculated as 40.95 % by using dihydroartemisinin as the standard. The EC50 of dihydroartemisinin on A.alternate was 2.70 g/L, indicating that the major antifungal matter in component Fr.5.2 was artemisinin derivatives. © 2018, Editorial Board of «Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products». All right reserved.     

三种化学物质诱导白三叶草叶斑病抗性的研究

为了探明硅酸钾、硅酸钠、水杨酸对白三叶草(Trifolium repens)抗叶斑病的诱导效果,采用离体、活体试验及生物化学方法测定了3种化学物质对白三叶草叶斑病的室内抑菌活性、诱导抗病效果、防御酶活性及田间诱导防病效果。结果表明:浓度为25μg·mL~(-1)时3种化学物质的抑菌率较低,最高仅为4.59%,但诱导抗病效果较高,均在45.00%以上;叶片中多酚氧化酶(PPO),过氧化物酶(POD),苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性均有明显增加,除硅酸钾、硅酸钠诱导处理的PPO在第3d达到峰值外,其他化学物质诱导处理的酶活性均在第5d达到最大值;田间处理7d后3种化学物质诱导防病效果均达到了72.00%以上;处理14d后有所降低,最低为23.08%。综上所述,浓度为25μg·mL~(-1)的3种化学物质能够激发白三叶草叶片中与抗病性相关的PPO,POD和PAL活性,对白三叶草抗叶斑病均有较好的诱导防病作用。     

南疆红枣黑斑病病原鉴定及其保守基因序列分析

正红枣黑斑病(jujube black spot)又称"烂果病"、"黑头病",在新疆南疆地区发生严重。2013—2014年阿克苏、和田地区红枣黑斑病发病率达20%~30%,重病枣园发病率高达40%~50%。红枣黑斑病严重制约着新疆红枣产业的健康发展。目前,国内在红枣黑斑病病原认知上仍存在较大分歧,报道的病原主要为链格孢(Alternaria alternata)~([1~3]),也有细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima)危害的报道~([4])。本文通过对南疆红枣黑斑病菌形态特征研究和田间病原回接试验,结合分子生物学手     

番茄早疫病菌抗啶酰菌胺菌株细胞膜透性变化

为探究番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani对啶酰菌胺产生抗性后膜透性的变化,采用菌丝生长法、可见分光光度法、电导率法和荧光猝灭法分别测定了抗、感菌株对NaCl渗透压的敏感性、胞内可溶性蛋白和糖的含量、膜渗透率及对啶酰菌胺的吸收量。结果表明:抗性(R-Bos)菌株在2.5 g/L NaCl浓度中生长最快,敏感(S-Bos)菌株则在5 g/L NaCl浓度中生长最快;在0~10 g/L NaCl浓度下,R-Bos菌株的生长明显快于S-Bos菌株,在20~80 g/L NaCl浓度下生长无显著差异;R-Bos菌株的可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量显著增高,分别达61.9%~105.2%和133.1%~161.9%;用啶酰菌胺处理菌株后,所有菌株的渗透率上升,膜透性增大,但R-Bos菌株的渗透率始终低于S-Bos菌株;且R-Bos菌株对啶酰菌胺的吸收量明显减少,为48.3%~49.9%。推测番茄早疫病菌对啶酰菌胺产生抗性后,胞内保水能力提高,对渗透压表现出耐受性,同时膜透性降低使得对药剂的吸收能力下降。     

裸仁美洲南瓜叶枯病病原菌鉴定及其寄主范围和侵染条件

近年来,在甘肃省武威地区裸仁美洲南瓜发生了一种叶枯病,采用常规组织分离法对罹病组织进行了病原菌分离培养,以及病原菌的形态、分离培养性状观察和致病性测定.结果表明,引起裸仁美洲南瓜叶枯病的致病菌为瓜链格孢Alternaria cucumerina(E11.et Ev.)E11iott.寄主范围测定表明,该病原菌可侵染所有供试葫芦科植物,其中南瓜、西葫芦和甜瓜发病最严重;丝瓜和苦瓜发病较轻;该病原菌还可引起白菜和菜豆发病.温度和保湿时间对病原菌的侵染影响较大,25～30℃温度范围内最易侵染,病害潜育期仅为2～3天;当保湿时间60h时,病叶率达到88%,而保湿时间为6h时,病叶率仅为8%.南瓜不同品种对叶枯病的抗性差异较大,其中二星、天然、光板1号、无壳(李建民)和金无壳为高抗品种;四星、粒赛金、金大地、郑峰光板、日本南瓜为高感品种.     

细辛对番茄早疫病菌的抑制作用及其活性成分的分离

以番茄早疫病菌为供试植物病原菌,采用生物活性追踪法和活体盆栽试验法评价了细辛提取物的抑菌活性,并探索了细辛的杀菌活性成分。结果表明:细辛氯仿粗提取物在96和48 h对供试菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发都有较强的抑制作用。其中对菌丝生长和孢子萌发的半效应浓度EC50分别为1.69和0.41 mg/mL。细辛氯仿粗提取物经萃取分离得到的石油醚、氯仿和甲醇组分中,石油醚组分对供试菌孢子萌发具有强抑制作用,处理48 h后抑制率达到100%;但处理96 h后对菌丝生长的抑制率仅有40%。氯仿组分对供试菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发均具有较好的抑制作用,分别为72.27%和83.42%。对氯仿组分进行硅胶柱层析分离,得到4个高活性流分,在96 h对供试菌菌丝生长的抑制率达到85%以上。在盆栽试验中,4 mg/mL细辛氯仿提取物对番茄早疫病的保护和治疗作用达70%以上,与化学农药处理无显著差异。试验显示细辛对番茄早疫病菌具有较好的防治效果。     

链格孢菌毒素细交链孢菌酮酸对空心莲子草的致病性

以空心莲子草离体叶片和植株为材料,采用离体叶片针刺法及离体植株培养法研究链格孢菌毒素细交链孢菌酮酸对空心莲子草的致病性。结果表明,细交链孢菌酮酸对空心莲子草叶片具有较强的致病性。在31.25 ～ 500.00 μg/mL浓度范围内,随着毒素浓度的升高,空心莲子草叶片的病斑直径增大,500.00 μg/mL时为2.41 mm;浓度为20.00 μg/mL时,毒素对空心莲子草植株不同部位叶片的致病性存在差异,对幼嫩的顶部叶片致病性较强;细交链孢菌酮酸对空心莲子草植株的生长产生抑制作用,抑制强度随浓度的升高而增强,与对照相比,当浓度达到125.00 μg/mL时,毒素对植株生长的长度、鲜重及平均根长的抑制作用达到显著水平,浓度达到250.00 μg/mL时,植株的生根数也受到显著抑制,在最高浓度500.00 μg/mL时,植株处于零生长,生长长度和生根数均为0,鲜重为负增长,达－0.77 g。本研究表明细交链孢菌酮酸具有开发为防除空心莲子草生物源除草剂的潜力。     

生防菌BS-315对苹果斑点落叶病菌的防治作用

[目的]研究生防菌BS-315对苹果斑点落叶病菌（Alternaria mali）的抑菌活性、在苹果叶片上的定殖能力以及一些化学农药对生防菌的影响。[方法]采集松本锦苹果健叶,进行离体叶片试验、定殖试验,并进行不同农药对生防菌的影响试验。[结果]枯草芽孢杆菌BS-315对苹果斑点落叶病菌表现出较强的抑制作用,在叶片上涂抹菌体1 d后接病原菌,3 d后抑制效果在90%以上。BS-315能够在松本锦苹果叶片中定殖,定殖量在接种3 d后最大。4种杀菌剂浓度均为田间使用浓度,其中嘧菌酯和多抗霉素对BS-315的生长有一定的促进作用,而多菌灵和丙环唑则完全抑制BS-315的生长。[结论]该研究可为生防制剂的研发和合理使用提供理论依据。