冷冲高硬度材料模具失效的原因与对策研究

在日常的应用中,我们发现,制作材料是高合金钢的模具要比硬质合金制作的模具耐用,我们进而研究了其失效的方式以及失效的比例,研究结果显示,硬质合金的失效主要体现在掉渣和崩刃,而高合金钢的失效主要体现在正常的磨损方面。在制作的过程中,高合金钢会由于在加热的不适当而使得碳化物不均匀,或者使得硬度不稳定等原因而没有充分发挥材料的潜在能力,文章对如何提高高合金钢的寿命提出了具体方案。     

春花生超高产栽培技术模式研究与应用

采取正交旋转回归设计,以播种期、种植密度、施肥量为试验因子,以9000kg/hm2为产量目标函数,进行春花生超高产栽培模式集成研究。结果表明,在鲁西南平原地区,超高产春花生以种植密度和N、P、K施肥量为主要限制因素,播种期为次要限制因素。明确了春花生单产达到9000kg/hm2以上的最佳种植密度、播种期和合理的N、P2O5、K2O施用量为主要指标的栽培技术模式,增产效果显著。     

高邮市稻鸭共作方式下优质稻米产量及效益分析

稻鸭共作将稻、鸭构成一个互相依赖生长的复合型生态农业体系,是一种以生产优质稻米为主,生产食品肉鸭为辅的绿色高效综合种养技术模式。选取7户典型的进行稻鸭共作生产方式的农户对其成本效益进行分析,主要结果如下:进行稻鸭共作生产方式的农户其前期投入成本虽然较高,但其产生的效益也较高,远高于常规种植农户;生产面积较小的农户平均667 m^2效益略高于生产面积较大的农户。     

High night-time temperature during flowering and pod filling affects flower opening,yield and seed fatty acid composition in canola

Winter canola (Brassica napus L.) is highly sensitive to increasing temperatures during the reproductive and pod-filling stages. Although the impact of high day-time temperature stress on yield and quality has been documented in canola, similar information under high night-time temperature (HNT) stress is not available. Using six hybrids and four open-pollinated cultivars, we observed a marked shift in peak flowering towards earlier, cooler hours of the morning under HNT. Averaged across two independent experiments, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II was significantly decreased (3%), with a significant increase in thylakoid membrane damage (13%) in the leaves of susceptible cultivars under HNT stress. Similarly, the susceptible cultivars also recorded significant reduction in biomass (34%), pod number (22%), pod weight (37%) and total seed weight (40%) per plant while the same set of agronomic traits were not affected among the tolerant cultivars. Quantitative impact of heat stress was confirmed with increased sensitivity to HNT exposure from gametogenesis until maturity resulting in a significantly higher yield loss compared to stress exposure from post-flowering till maturity. HNT significantly decreased oil concentration, but increased protein concentration and saturated fatty acid levels in seeds of the susceptible cultivars. However, HNT had no impact on the unsaturated fatty acids in both hybrids and the open-pollinated cultivars. Breeding targets based on fatty acid composition for enhancing canola seed quality may not be easily amenable due to the inconsistency documented with the compositional changes under heat stress. In summary, our findings conclude that canola hybrids are better suited to regions experiencing heat stress, compared to open-pollinated cultivars, indicating the possibility of a complete shift to hybrid canola cultivation under predicted hotter climates in the future.     

基于无人机多光谱遥感的冬小麦叶绿素含量反演及监测

旨在实现冬小麦各生育期叶绿素含量的准确估测,探究其时空变化规律。利用无人机获取冬小麦越冬期、返青期、拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期的高分辨率多光谱图像,同时采集地面SPAD数据。选取三类光谱参数建立反演模型,优选出各生育期的最佳预测模型,并定量监测试验区冬小麦叶绿素含量时间变化和空间分布。结果表明：原始波段模型和波段倒数对数模型分别为越冬期及其他生育期叶绿素含量预测的最佳模型,拟合精度R²>0.59;时空分布上,灌浆期前试验区冬小麦叶绿素含量呈南北高、中部低特点,灌浆期则呈北高南低的趋势,叶绿素含量从越冬期到拔节期逐步增加,拔节期到孕穗期开始降低,孕穗期到灌浆期则大幅度降低。本研究建立的倒数对数预测模型,精度较高,且适用于返青到灌浆的4个生育期,对于试验区冬小麦叶绿素含量有较好的时空监测效果。     

晚稻机收留高茬紫云英迟播技术的应用效果研究

通过田间试验,研究了双季稻田晚稻机械收获留高茬后紫云英迟播的应用效果。结果表明,与传统紫云英播种技术相比,晚稻机械收获留高茬紫云英迟播显著缩短了紫云英的生育期,但其盛花期能保持与传统播种技术一致,对下茬早稻作物的种植没有影响;两种播种方法对盛花期鲜草产量、植株养分含量和养分积累量均没有显著影响,说明迟播播种能达到与传统播种一样的肥田目的;迟播对紫云英的种子产量及产量构成因素均没有明显影响,与传统播种技术相比可节约劳动力成本约45元/hm2,且可避免传统播种方法对晚稻植株的伤害。在现代双季稻种植条件下,晚稻机械收获留高茬紫云英迟播技术具有较大的优势和发展前景。     

Regional distribution of wheat yield and chemical fertilizer requirements in China

Quantification of currently attainable yield and fertilizer requirements can provide detailed information for assessing the food supply capacity and offer data support for agricultural decision-making. Datasets from a total of 5 408 field experiments were collected from 2000 to 2015 across the major wheat production regions in China to analyze the spatial distribution of wheat yield, the soil nutrient supply capacity(represented by relative yield, defined as the ratio of the yield under the omission of one of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) to the yield under the full NPK fertilizer application), and N, P and K fertilizer requirements by combining the kriging interpolation method with the Nutrient Expert Decision Support System for Wheat. The results indicated that the average attainable yield was 6.4 t ha~(-1), with a coefficient of variation(CV) of 24.9% across all sites. The yields in North-central China(NCC) and the northern part of the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River(MLYR) were generally higher than 7 t ha~(-1), whereas the yields in Southwest China(SWC), Northeast China(NEC), and the eastern part of Northwest China(NWC) were usually less than 6 t ha~(-1). The precentage of area having a relative yield above 0.70, 0.85, and 0.85 for N, P, and K fertilizers accounted for 52.3, 74.7, and 95.9%, respectively. Variation existed in N, P, and K fertilizer requirements, with a CV of 24.8, 23.9, and 29.9%, respectively, across all sites. More fertilizer was needed in NCC and the northern part of the MLYR than in other regions. The average fertilizer requirement was 162, 72, and 57 kg ha~(-1) for N, P_2O_5, and K_2O fertilizers, respectively, across all sites. The incorporation of the spatial variation of attainable yield and fertilizer requirements into wheat production practices would benefit sustainable wheat production and environmental safety.     

基于GIS的湖南省滑坡灾害风险和损失评估

[目的] 评估湖南省滑坡发生的风险和损失等级，丰富湖南省滑坡防治理论及方法，为该地减少滑坡灾害提供科学依据。[方法] 基于GIS技术和层次分析法（AHP）以DEM、遥感、气象、岩性、地震点等数据为支撑，分别从危险性评价和易损性评价两方面对湖南省滑坡风险进行评估。[结果] ①湖南省滑坡风险等级大多处于中低风险等级，少部分为较高风险或高风险等级，中度风险等级最多，占全省面积的31.31%，其余依次为较低、较高、低和高风险等级，其比例分别是24.92%，22.09%，13.88%和7.79%；②从空间格局来看，风险性等级整体呈现出中部、东南高，西南、东北低的空间分布特征；③湖南省滑坡损失等级整体呈现出东高西低，局部不均匀的分布特征。[结论] 湖南省滑坡灾害的管理主要应从预防和整治两方面进行，依据各地区常见滑坡类型，制定有针对性的区域差异化防治预案。     

茶多酚高通量检测技术研究进展

茶多酚是茶叶的主要活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗衰老、降血糖、防辐射等多种生物学活性。然而,茶多酚的不稳定性极大限制其进一步开发应用。茶多酚易受光线、温度、pH等因素影响而发生氧化、聚合和缩合,从而使其活性改变。因此,茶多酚组分的高通量快速检测在生物学及临床上具有重要意义。高效液相色谱法、毛细管电泳法、近红外光谱法、核磁共振等均是茶多酚组分高通量检测的主要方法,但这些方法各有优劣。对茶多酚高通量快速检测技术及其相关应用进行了归纳和总结,并对其优势及存在的问题进行分析,以期为茶多酚组分的高通量检测提供参考。     

鲁西南地区10个小麦品种丰产性和稳产性分析

为更科学的分析评价鲁西南地区主栽的10个小麦品种丰产性和稳定性,本研究利用联合方差分析、线性回归分析和AMMI模型对 3个试验地点产量数据进行分析。结果表明,菏麦20、济麦22和周麦22丰产性和稳定性表现优异,周麦18、烟农999和山农20属于丰产性较好稳产性一般的品种,良星99和山农28属于稳产性好丰产性一般的品种,青农2号稳产性较好丰产性较差,但矮抗58丰产性和稳产性均较差但在E3具有特定区域适应性。