麦氏云杉幼苗生理特征的海拔变异及适应性

以关帝山庞泉沟自然保护区来自3个海拔梯度(1650 m、1980 m和2268 m)的麦氏云杉2年生天然幼苗为试验材料,进行不同海拔麦氏云杉相互移栽,测定移植1个生长季后幼苗的光合生理和叶绿素荧光特性,以期了解来自不同种源麦氏云杉幼苗对海拔的适应性及其对未来气候变化的响应和适应能力。结果表明:1)低海拔种源麦氏云杉幼苗移栽至高海拔之后,气孔导度(gs)减小,蒸腾速率(E)降低,光合速率(An)降低,可溶性糖含量降低,高海拔种源幼苗移栽至低海拔则有相反的趋势。2)最大量子效率(Fv/Fm)、电子传递效率(ETR)、1,5-二磷酸核酮糖最大再生效率(Jmax)和磷酸丙糖利用效率(TPU)指标在样地和种源间差异不显著。综上所述,麦氏云杉幼苗生理特性主要受环境因素的影响,海拔来源的影响较小。     

城郊环境梯度下地表径流污染特征研究

采用事件平均浓度（EMC）和M（V）曲线初期冲刷效应判识方法,对2011年4月北京市中心城区和远郊区县降雨径流污染特征进行分析.结果表明,受城郊环境差异影响,径流污染物种类、浓度和初期冲刷效应存在明显分异,城区COD、TP、TN污染物浓度低于郊区,氨氮浓度高于郊区;城区径流存在初期冲刷效应,郊区无明显初期冲刷效应.     

黄芪ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立及优化

为获得最优黄芪ISSR-PCR反应体系,以山西省浑源县官儿乡蒙古黄芪为试验材料,利用单因素试验法对反应体系中的4个因素(模板DNA,dNTPs,Taq DNA聚合酶,ISSR引物)分别设置浓度梯度进行体系优化。结果表明,20μL黄芪ISSR-PCR最优体系为:模板DNA质量浓度6.0 ng/μL,dNTPs浓度0.03 mmol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶浓度0.05 U/μL,引物浓度0.80 mmol/L。最后用不同产地的黄芪检测该体系,结果发现,PCR产物多态性良好。优化体系的确立为今后黄芪种质资源的分子评价奠定了技术基础。     

混合益生菌对仔猪生长及肠道菌群的影响

选用50头体重相近的三元杂交断奶健康仔猪,随机分为5组:对照组全程饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮;试验1、2、3、4组在试验第1天到第28天分别饲喂基础日粮+蜡样芽孢杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌和戊糖乳杆菌(质量比为1∶1∶1、1∶2∶1、2∶1∶2、1∶1∶2)的混合益生菌制剂,在第29天到第42天饲喂基础日粮。饲喂28 d后计算各组仔猪日增重、料重比、腹泻率。结果表明:4个试验组仔猪的日增重均高于对照组,料重比均低于对照组,腹泻率均显著低于对照组;试验1、3组仔猪的日增重显著高于对照组,且试验1组仔猪的日增重又稍高于试验3组;试验1、3组仔猪的料重比显著低于对照组,而试验1组仔猪的料重比又稍低于试验3组;试验1组和3组仔猪的腹泻率相同,且低于试验2组和4组,表明4种比例混合的益生菌制剂均能促进仔猪生长,且以质量比1∶1∶1、2∶1∶2混合的益生菌制剂促进仔猪生长的效果较好;对试验1组和对照组仔猪在试验0、7、14、21、28、42 d肠道内菌群的定量PCR结果表明,试验1组仔猪肠道内蜡样芽孢杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌数量在饲喂益生菌制剂期间呈现一致的变化趋势,即先上升后下降,再上升,而对照组3种菌的变化趋势不一致;在停喂益生菌制剂2周后,3种益生菌仍呈规律变化,表明饲喂益生菌制剂能够调节仔猪肠道相应菌群的生长;对仔猪肠道粪样菌群的16SrDNA的特异序列的进行变性梯度凝胶电泳及抠胶测序的结果表明,仔猪在饲喂益生菌制剂7 d后,肠道蜡样芽孢杆菌、肠球菌、链球菌、双歧杆菌、戊糖乳杆菌、大肠杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌菌群数量均下降,到第28天时,各种菌群数量均上升,表明饲喂益生菌制剂不仅能调节仔猪肠道相应益生菌的生长,还能调节肠道肠球菌、链球菌、大肠杆菌与双歧杆菌的生长。     

渭北旱塬果园土壤干燥化生态修复方式效应研究

【目的】探讨不同生态修复方式对渭北旱塬果园土壤水分和果树光合特性的影响。【方法】2012-05-12,以地处渭北旱塬的陕西陇县梁甫村10年生红富士苹果园为研究对象,设置秸秆覆盖、起垄覆膜、微孔梯度深层集水、秸秆覆盖+起垄覆膜、秸秆覆盖+微孔梯度深层集水、起垄覆膜+微孔梯度深层集水、起垄覆膜+微孔梯度深层集水+秸秆覆盖7个处理,以裸地为对照(CK),于7-11月每月30号采集果园0~2m土层土样测定土壤含水量,8-9月每月30号测定果树叶片光合特性。【结果】各处理0~2m土层土壤平均含水量均高于对照,其中以起垄覆膜+微孔梯度深层集水+秸秆覆盖处理的效果最好,其0~1m土层土壤含水量比对照提高9.83%,1~2m土层土壤含水量比对照提高7.91%,其次是秸秆覆盖+微孔梯度深层集水处理,其0~1和1~2m土层土壤含水量分别比对照增加8.55%和7.40%;不同生态修复方式均能明显提高苹果树的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs),且均以起垄覆膜+微孔梯度深层集水+秸秆覆盖处理最高,其Pn、Tr、Gs分别比对照提高了18.46%,0.90%和52.94%。各生态修复处理的Pn均与对照差异达极显著水平(P0.01),而在Tr和Gs中,除起垄覆膜+微孔梯度深层集水+秸秆覆盖和秸秆覆盖+微孔梯度深层集水处理与对照差异达显著水平(P0.05)外,其他处理均与对照差异不显著。Pn、Tr、Gs与土壤含水量呈正相关线性关系。【结论】微孔梯度深层集水方式与地表覆盖方式相结合能够大幅度提高土壤水分含量,影响果树光合特性,其中以起垄覆膜+微孔梯度深层集水+秸秆覆盖方式效果最好,可作为改善果园土壤干燥化的方法加以利用。     

Functional characterization of Farfantepenaeus californiensis, Litopenaeus vannamei and L. stylirostris haemocyte separated using density gradient centrifugation

Haemocytes from penaeid shrimp (Farfantepenaeus californiensis, Litopenaeus vannamei and L. stylirostris) were separated using a discontinuous Percoll gradient. Shrimp haemocytes were spontaneously adhered to glass, allowing slide preparations for staining and microscopic differential counting. Like other crustaceans, shrimp has three main populations differing in presence and size of cytoplasmic granules and each population seems to be biochemical or functionally compromised. Prophenoloxidase (proPO )activity was mainly located in large granules haemocytes (75%) while the small granules cells participate with 25%, but seem to be responsible for encapsulation. Haemocyte discrimination ability was tested using Sephadex? (Seph?), DEAE‐Seph? and CM‐Seph?. Only DEAE‐Seph? was encapsulated by shrimp haemocytes and provoked the release of proPO activating system, indicating the role of particle charge in the activation of shrimp immune response.     

农机铸件表面硼化物梯度耐磨材料的显微组织

铸造表面合金化工艺制备的合金层存在着硬度高,机械加工困难及合金层与基体结合强度较低而易剥落的缺陷,该研究针对这些缺陷进行研究,采用梯度成分设计原则,制备出不同组分及含量的梯度合金粉剂层膏块,在HT200铸铁件表面制备出硼化物梯度耐磨材料,对该材料的形成过程、微观组织及显微硬度进行了研究,发现该合金层由过渡区→中间耐磨层→表面铸铁烧结层3部分组成,中间层的微观组织为硼化物,其基体上散布着高碳铬铁颗粒,且颗粒粒径影响其与梯度材料的熔合性,并在实际农机铸铁件犁锺上进行了现场应用,结果表明,与未处理零件相比,犁锺使用寿命提高2.5倍以上。     

口服急性毒性试验中Cry1C蛋白对鼠肠道菌群的影响

利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析不同ICR(institute of cancer researcch)小鼠在口服急性毒性试验中摄入Cry1C蛋白前后其肠道菌群的变化,进而对该抗虫蛋白的食用安全性进行较为深入的研究.DGGE图谱经UPGAMA聚类分析显示:小鼠间菌群结构存在较明显的个体差异;实验期间,对照组小鼠灌胃前后其菌群基本保持稳定;实验组小鼠试验前后肠道菌群变化差异较对照组明显.随着灌胃的停止其变化差异在经历过高峰后会随着停喂时间的延长而减小,且菌相有逐渐恢复灌胃前结构的趋势.从肠道菌相的角度分析可知:该抗虫Cry1C蛋白对小鼠是基本安全的.     

Inferring biological soil crust successional stage using combined PLFA, DGGE, physical and biophysiological analyses

Arid areas are highly sensitive to climate change and are ideal model systems to study the potential impact of climate change on species' community structure. Biological soil crust (BSC) formation plays an ecological role in a number of key processes in the development of dry ecosystems. It was hypothesized that BSC succession and function are affected by aridity level and limited by rainfall. Furthermore, it is possible to infer the direction of the BSC succession based on aridity level, and the latter can imitate future climate change scenarios. The objectives of this study were to investigate the microbial biomass and diversity of the BSC structure in three sites differing in aridity level (semiarid, arid and hyper-arid), by combining physical and biophysiological measurements with 16S rRNA gene fragment and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses. Physical and biophysiological parameters of the BSC were significantly influenced by aridity level. Total protein and polysaccharide contents were strongly correlated with total PLFA-based microbial biomass. Gram-positive biomarkers and microbial biomass were significantly higher in the wettest (semiarid) site than in the driest (hyper-arid) one. Multivariate-analysis based ordination of the PLFA data segregated the cluster of semiarid data from that of the hyper-arid site, while data from the arid site were dispersed between the two. The phylogenetic distribution of prominent 16S rRNA bacterial gene sequences along the aridity levels was in agreement with the PLFA analysis: the hyper-arid site was dominated by the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus, while diverse populations of cyanobacteria and soil bacteria were found in the other sites. These complementary tools allowed a simple and sensitive measurement of the influence of aridity levels on BSC successional stage. The results demonstrate that different aridity levels correspond to different BSC successional stages and those differences can be used as parameters for global change scenarios.     

梯度铁电薄膜性质研究

以二级相变铁电材料为例,利用推广的Ginzburg-Landau-Devonshire（GLD）理论,研究不均匀结构对梯度铁电薄膜性质的影响.结果表明：退极化场对于两层薄膜中间的极化影响较小,而在薄膜的两端处影响最大;梯度铁电薄膜的平均极化随膜厚按线性规律变化;在接近相变温度时,自发极化消失,梯度铁电薄膜的这一现象与铁电材料的性质相同.在外场不等于零的情况下,得到的梯度铁电薄膜的电滞回线中心对称.