The USDA trypsin inhibitor study. I. Background,objectives, and procedural details

Short-term feeding studies have shown that raw soy flour and purified trypsin inhibitors (TI) cause pancreatic hypertrophy and hyperplasia in certain monogastric animals. Prolonged exposure to high levels of TI in raw soy ultimately leads to pancreatic nodular hyperplasia and acinar cell adenoma in rats exposed to low levels of pancreatic carcinogens. Such change has been observed even in the absence of any exposure to known carcinogens. These results emphasized the need for chronic (2 yr) feeding trials which would clearly reveal dose response relationships of alterations in pancreatic pathology to dietary TI and possible interactions with dietary protein and fat.Here we report on the objectives and designs of the first phase of the USDA TI Study, including composition of diets, preparation, and analyses of test substances. To provide the requisite TI and protein levels, raw and heated defatted soy flours, soy protein isolates, and lactic casein were used. The interrelationship of dietary level of TI (93–1270 mg/100 g diet) and that of protein (10%, 20%, and 30%) to pancreatic function and pathology will be reported in the following three papers. Both serial and chronic sacrifice regimes, respectively, were employed with 26 diets and 40 weaning male Wistar rats per dietary group.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

The USDA trypsin inhibitor study. II. Timed related biochemical changes in the pancreas of rats

A total of 600 rats was distributed equally among 15 diets formulated from mixtures of raw and toasted soy flour and casein so as to provide 5 different levels of trypsin inhibitor (TI) at 3 levels of protein (10%, 20%, and 30%). Animals were sacrificed at the end of 6 months and at 3-month intervals thereafter over a period of 22 months. Increases in the secretory activity of the pancreas, as measured by trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and small intestines, were associated with increasingly higher levels of TI and protein but did not change appreciably with time. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the pancreas, as reflected by changes in pancreas weight and RNA and DNA content, developed at an early stage (6 months) and were likewise positively correlated with the levels of TI and protein in the diet. Although the hypertrophic response remained unchanged with time, hyperplasia became more pronounced as the period of exposure to TI was prolonged. The peptide test confirmed the stimulatory effect of TI on the pancreas, but some functional impairment was noted in those animals which had been fed raw soy flour for 18 months of or longer. The appearance of nodules on the pancreas was observed by gross inspection after 15 months, and these became larger and more numerous with time. The incidence of nodules was highly correlated with the level of TI in the diet and was highest when the diet contained 20% protein.     

豆浆处理工艺改善内酯豆腐的质构特性

豆浆的粒子大小可以通过一定的处理工艺加以改变,从而提高内酯豆腐质构特点。该文研究了胶体磨磨齿间隙(10~30μm)、超声波功率强度(1~3 W/g)、匀浆机转速(1 000~5 000 r/min)对内酯豆腐质构特点的影响。结果表明胶体磨处理能显著(p0.05)提高内酯豆腐的弹性和内聚性。但在间隙为10μm的情况下,长时间研磨会降低硬度。在不同超声波功率强度条件下,内酯豆腐的硬度和弹性都是先上升后下降。超声波处理会显著(p0.05)降低内酯豆腐的内聚性。匀浆处理对内酯豆腐的质构特点均产生先上升后下降的影响。通过Topsis法进行多指标综合评价,得出较好的豆浆处理工艺是匀浆处理1 000 r/min处理8 min。粒径分析结果证明处理工艺能降低豆浆粒径大小。豆浆处理工艺可以改善内酯豆腐的质构特点,从而满足人们的不同需求。     

纳米氧化锌/葡萄皮红改性大豆分离蛋白膜的制备与性能研究

为改善大豆分离蛋白膜的性能,将纳米氧化锌(Zno Nanoparticles,Zno NPs)和葡萄皮红(Grape-Skin Red,GSR)加入大豆分离蛋白(Sov ProteinIsolate,SPI)中制备SPI/ZnO NPs/GSR复合膜,对复合膜的性能进行表征。结果表明当葡萄皮红、ZnO NPs和大豆分离蛋白以1:2:25的质量比制备复合膜时,相对于SPI/ZnO NPs膜,葡萄皮红可提高ZnO NPs和大豆分离蛋白的相容性,改善ZnO NPs在SPI膜中的分散性,并与ZnO NPs发挥协同作用提高SPI膜的机械性能、耐水性能和热稳定性(P0.05)。SPI/ZnO NPs/GSR复合膜相比较于SPI膜,拉伸强度从1.37 MPa升至3.28 MPa,熔点从194℃升至231℃,含水率从34.41%降至25.37%,水蒸气透过系数从5.57×10~(-12) (g·cm)/(cm~2·s·Pa)降至4.74×10~(-12) (g·cm)/(cm~2·s·Pa)。此外,复合膜对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌表现出优异的抗菌性能,抑菌圈直径随着活性成分的添加呈上升趋势(大肠杆菌:SPI 膜无,SPI/ZnO NPs 膜 2.29 cm,SPI/ZnO NPs/GSR 膜 2.36 cm;金黄色葡萄球菌:SPI 膜无,SPI/ZnO NPs 膜 2.32 cm,SPI/ZnO NPs/GSR膜2.42 cm),在活性包装应用中具有极大潜力。研究结果为大豆分离蛋白基薄膜的生产应用提供参考。     

不同复水方式对大豆拉丝蛋白复水品质的影响及动力学模型构建

大豆拉丝蛋白（textured fibril soy protein,TFSP）是经螺杆挤压技术生产的具有类似肉纤维结构的高密度植物蛋白,复水处理后常被用来加工仿真肉产品。为了提高TFSP的复水品质,该研究在40 ℃条件下,采用不同的超声功率和NaHCO₃浓度对TFSP 进行复水处理,通过对复水动力学模型的构建预测其复水过程,并探究不同复水方式对TFSP理化性质及微观结构的影响。结果显示,与纯水组相比,TFSP复水至120 min时,500 W超声组的最终含水率提高27.14 %、复水时间缩短20 min;2.000 %NaHCO₃组的最终含水率提高23.41 %,复水时间无明显变化。Weibull模型可较好的拟合对照组（R²≥0.993 3）、超声组（R²≥0.990 5）和NaHCO₃组（R²≥0.986 7）的TFSP复水过程。超声和NaHCO₃处理均略微降低了复水TFSP的色泽,但提高了其持水能力和不易流动水含量。复水TFSP的硬度、咀嚼性、组织化度发生变化,弹性无明显差异。400 W超声组的组织化度最大,较对照组提高41.80 %;0.250 %NaHCO₃组的硬度达到最小,较对照组减小54.17 %。扫描电镜（scanning electron microscope,SEM）观察显示,超声和NaHCO₃处理改变了复水TFSP的微观结构,使其孔隙增大,加速水分传输速率,提高了容纳水的能力。因此,若以最大组织化度为主要评价指标,应选择超声辅助TFSP复水,而若以最低硬度为主要评价指标,则选择NaHCO₃辅助复水效果为好。该研究结果可为采用不同复水方式、开发不同品质的TFSP制品提供理论基础和参考。     

酱油中的氯化钠测定的能力验证结果与分析

[目的]通过参加酱油中的氯化钠测定能力验证,进一步总结经验,提高实验室检测水平.[方法]比较《酱油卫生标准的分析方法》(GB/T 5009.39-2003)中直接沉淀法和《食品中氯化钠的测定》(GB/T 12457-2008)中电位滴定法的优缺点,选择直接沉淀法进行检测.[结果]样品中氯化钠含量为184.0 g/L,实验室间Z比分数为0.66,能力验证结果为满意.[结论]在此次酱油中的氯化钠能力验证中,通过对方法的比较进行实验室内部质量控制,严格按照方法操作,控制取样等关键点,获得满意结果.     

三种黄酮类植物雌激素对21日龄樱桃谷鸭屠宰性能的影响

试验以SM3樱桃谷鸭为研究对象,添喂葛根异黄酮、葛根素和大豆异黄酮,研究对樱桃谷鸭屠宰性能的影响。试验选用健康的1日龄sM3樱桃谷鸭160只,按初始体重随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只（公母各半,分别饲喂）,采用4×2两因素析因试验设计。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂基础日粮＋葛根异黄酮10mg·kg^-1、葛根素10mg·kg^-1、大豆异黄酮10mg·kg^-1;各组试鸭均在基础饲粮预饲1周后喂给各添加剂,并于21日龄屠宰对其屠宰性能的相关指标进行分析。结果葛根异黄酮组母鸭体重显著或极显著高于其他各组,日增重也有高于其他组的趋势,耗料量和饲料增重比差异不显著。屠宰试验表明：母鸭屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率和瘦肉率都高于公鸭（P〉0．05）,并以葛根异黄酮组母鸭的效果最好。     

利用大豆浓缩蛋白乳清制备水苏糖的发酵条件

利用酵母对大豆浓缩蛋白乳清进行发酵处理制备水苏糖.在确定最佳起始发酵液的糖度为31.8Brix后,对温度、pH、接种量、装液量等工艺条件进行了单因素试验及正交试验,结果表明最佳发酵条件为:温度32°C,pH5.5,接种量8%,在此发酵条件下利用酵母对大豆浓缩蛋白乳清进行发酵处理48 h,水苏糖的纯度达到了90%,保留率为68%.     

大豆分离蛋白加工全程中非安全因素浅析

对大豆分离蛋白的碱沉酸提工艺进行危害分析。从原料大豆到成品,着重介绍了原料、加工、储运阶段的三类危害,分析其影响因素,为提高大豆分离蛋白的安全性生产提供理论指导。     

蚯蚓蛋白水解酶对大豆蛋白的分解作用

通过琼脂糖蛋白平板及水解度测定两种方法从定性、定量两个方面研究了蚯蚓蛋白水解酶对大豆蛋白的分解作用．同时测定并比较了蚯蚓豆粕反应物的氨基酸含量。结果表明．蚯蚓蛋白水解酶对大豆蛋白具有一定的酶解活性．其水解度达2．75％。利用蚯蚓处理豆粕,反应物中多种氨基酸含量均有不同程度增加,氨基酸总量与豆粕相比上升了27．83％,而且各种必需氨基酸的比例也更趋合理。因此,利用蚯蚓蛋白水解酶对大豆蛋白的分解作用可以有效地改善豆粕饲料的品质．