小陇山林区主要林分对降水的再分配

选择锐齿栎、油松、华山松和落叶松林分为对象，系统同步观测了大气一次性降水过程中，不同郁闭度梯度林分群体的林冠透过降水、树干流量、林冠层截留量与大气降水历时、降水强度变化的基本数据。用数量级化理论(I)和线性方程，动态地描绘出各分量随大气降水变化而变化的趋势。揭示出林分对降水的再分配以及求算1年内不同时段林地补给水量的可靠方程。     

阻燃剂浸渍处理木材方法研究

本研究以ZR-M-301型木材阻燃剂为浸渍药液,樟子松和水曲柳为木材试样,选择常压浸渍、压力浸渍、微波处理后常压浸渍、超声波加压浸渍和微波处理后超声波加压浸渍五种木材阻燃处理方法,经过试验,探索在生产阻燃木材的浸渍方法中引入微波和超声波技术的可行性,找到效果好的木材阻燃处理方法.本研究的创新点是将微波处理与超声波辐射技术应用于木材阻燃处理中,利用微波加热处理改善木材构造的渗透性能,利用超声波的空化作用强化阻燃剂浸入性能,并提出了新的技术路线.     

河南桧柏嫩枝“全光雾”扦插育苗试验初报

河南桧柏采用嫩枝“全光雾”扦插育苗，试验表明：对难生根珍贵树种用此法育苗可大大缩短育苗周期，提高苗木产量和质量，应大力推广此种育苗方法。     

林木施用稀土效果及技术

稀土在农业和林业应用研究中取得了显著成果.为在赤峰地区大面积推广应用并探讨稀土在林木上的具体施用技术及效果,深入地研究了稀土的作用机理.利用稀土浸泡林木种子、盆栽和田间试验(浸种、叶面喷施),初步得出稀土的施用效果和具体的施用技术.     

森林生态效益计量评价的理论方法概述

森林生态效益计量评价是对一定时期森林所提供的生态效益大小的计量。文章论述了森林生态效益计量评价的理论和方法。为了使评价结果更真实客观,从而能为社会承认和接受,提出应从森林生态效益划分标准问题、综合效益定量问题、林龄动态分析等方面进行深入的研究。     

Effects of supplementation with green tea by‐products on growth performance,meat quality,blood metabolites and immune cell proliferation in goats

Forty‐eight castrated male goats were used to determine the effects of feeding green tea by‐products (GTB) on growth performance, meat quality, blood metabolites and immune cell proliferation. Experimental treatments consisted of basal diets supplemented with four levels of GTB (0%, 0.5%, 1.0% or 2.0%). Four replicate pens were assigned to each treatment with three goats per replicate. Increasing dietary GTB tended to linearly increase the overall average weight gain and feed intake (p = 0.09). Water holding capacity, pH and sensory attributes of meat were not affected by GTB supplementation, while cooking loss was reduced both linearly and quadratically (p < 0.01). The redness (linear; p = 0.02, quadratic; p < 0.01) and yellowness (quadratic; p < 0.01) values of goat meat were improved by GTB supplementation. Increasing dietary GTB quadratically increased protein and decreased crude fat (p < 0.05), while linearly decreased cholesterol (p = 0.03) content of goat meat. The proportions of monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and n‐6 PUFA increased linearly (p < 0.01) and n‐3 PUFA increased quadratically (p < 0.05) as GTB increased in diets. Increasing dietary GTB linearly increased the PUFA/SFA (saturated fatty acid) and tended to linearly and quadratically increase (p ≤ 0.10) the n‐6/n‐3 ratio. The thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances values of meat were lower in the 2.0% GTB‐supplemented group in all storage periods (p < 0.05). Dietary GTB linearly decreased plasma glucose and cholesterol (p < 0.01) and quadratically decreased urea nitrogen concentrations (p = 0.001). The growth of spleen cells incubated in concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharides medium increased significantly (p < 0.05) in response to GTB supplementation. Our results suggest that GTB may positively affect the growth performance, meat quality, blood metabolites and immune cell proliferation when supplemented as a feed additive in goat diet.     

Effects of pistachio by‐products on digestibility,milk production,milk fatty acid profile and blood metabolites in Saanen dairy goats

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of pistachio by‐products (PBP) on nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites and milk fatty acid (FA) profile in Saanen dairy goats. Nine multiparous lactating Saanen goats (on day 90 post‐partum, 45 ± 2/kg BW) were randomly assigned to a 3 × 3 Latin square design with three treatment diets: 1) control diet (alfalfa hay based), 2) 32% PBP and 3) 32% PBP + polyethylene glycol (PEG‐4000; 1 g/kg dry matter). Each period lasted 21 days, including 14 day for treatment adaptation and 7 day for data collection. Pistachio by‐products significantly decreased (p < 0.01) crude protein (CP) digestibility compared with the control diet (64.4% vs. 58.7%), but PEG addition did not differ for CP digestibility of goats fed 32% PBP + PEG and those fed the two other diets. The digestibility of NDF tended (p = 0.06) to decrease for goats fed PBP compared with those fed the control diet. Yields of milk and 4% fat‐corrected milk were not affected by dietary treatments. Compared with the control diet, PBP supplementation appreciably changed the proportions of almost all the milk FA measured; the main effects were decreases (p < 0.01) in FA from 8:0 to 16:0 and increases (p < 0.01) proportions of cis‐9, trans‐11 18:2 and trans‐11 18:1, monounsaturated FA, polyunsaturated FA and long‐chain FA. The saturated FA, short‐chain FA and medium‐chain FA proportions were lower (p < 0.01) in goats fed the two PBP supplemented diet than in those fed the control diet and PEG addition led to intermediate proportions of saturated FA, unsaturated and monounsaturated FA. Inclusion of PBP in the diet decreased (p < 0.01) plasma concentrations of glucose and urea nitrogen compared with the control diet. It was concluded that PBP can be used as forage in the diet of dairy goats without interfering with milk yield. Inclusion of 32% PBP in the diet of dairy goats had beneficial effects on milk FA profile but PEG addition to PBP did not contribute to enhance further milk FA profile.     

Effects of utilization of local food by‐products as total mixed ration silage materials on fermentation quality and intake,digestibility, rumen condition and nitrogen availability in sheep

Four wethers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate in vivo digestibility of total mixed ration (TMR) silage with food by‐products for dairy cows, and the ruminal condition and nitrogen (N) balance were examined. Five by‐products (i.e. potato waste, noodle waste, soybean curd residue, soy sauce cake and green tea waste) were obtained. Four types of TMR silage were used: control (C) containing roughage and commercial concentrate, T1:20% and T1:40% containing the five by‐products replacing 20% and 40% of the commercial concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively, and T2:40% containing three by‐products (potato waste, noodle waste and soybean curd residue) replacing 40% of the commercial concentrate on a DM basis. The ingredients were mixed and preserved in oil drum silos for 4 months. The TMR silages showed 4.02–4.44% and 1.75–2.19% for pH and lactic acid contents, respectively. The digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber, and total digestible nutrient content were higher (P < 0.05) for T2:40% feeding than for C feeding. Urinary nitrogen excretion tended to be lower (P = 0.07) for T2:40% than for C. The results suggested 40% replacing of commercial concentrate by using the three food by‐products can be most suitable for TMR silage.     

营林防火的理论和实践

对几种营林措施降低森林火险性进行了理论分析和实践探索 (设计 ) ,因为营林工作贯穿森林的一生 ,营林的内容广泛且都与森林火险性有联系 ,设计中提到的间伐、修枝是已经普遍开展的营林内容 ,营林效益显著 ,防火效果明显。补植加密、镶边造林是对疏林、块状林进行的 ,既增加生产力 ,又兼得防火效益的营林措施。为十三陵旅游胜地森林公园的需要 ,文章对“金字塔造型”、“群状间伐造型”和“一树一库”做了设计和说明     

绿化工程主材“甲供”与“乙供”苗木模式的比较研究

主材供应方式是园林工程中受重视的环节。以恒大公司的几个园林工程为例,通过比较绿化工程苗木材料的"甲供"和"乙供"模式的利弊,归纳总结出适合不同要求的采购模式的方法,从而帮助业主更高效准确地作出选择,并使其选择的材料在达到预期绿化效果的同时,又能适当控制成本。