用IGF—ⅠmRNA表达量评价鲮饲料配方效果的研究

试验以秘鲁鱼粉为饲料蛋白源,研究4种蛋白水平（21．5％、32．2％、42．5％和51．6％）的饲料对鲮（Cirrhinus molitorella）生长、消化酶活性及类胰岛素生长因子（IGF—Ⅰ）mRNA表达水平的影响。经过8周的养殖试验,不同饲料蛋白水平下,蛋白酶活性与特定生长率（SGR）成极显著的正相关性（P〈0．01）;鲮肝组织中IGF—ⅠmRNA的表达量与特定生长率成极显著正相关性（P〈0．01）;鲮肝组织IGF—ⅠmRNA的表达量与蛋白酶活性也成极显著正相关性（P〈0．01）。结果表明,用鲮肝组织IGF—ⅠmRNA的表达量可以快速鉴定饲料的质量。     

应用浮游植物群落结构及富营养化指数评价南太湖底泥疏浚效果

应用浮游植物群落结构变化及富营养化指数来评价南太湖底泥疏浚工程对减轻太湖营养盐内负荷、控制湖泊富营养化的效果。研究结果表明：疏浚后水体中的浮游植物种类有所增加,浮游植物密度、生物量及蓝藻所占比例均有不同程度的降低,浮游植物群落结构发生变化;疏浚后水体的生物多样性指数发生变化,Shannon-Weaver指数升高,卡尔森营养状态指数降低,表明南太湖富营养化现状有所改善,从而揭示底泥疏浚工程对于减轻南太湖营养盐内负荷、控制湖泊富营养化具有积极作用。     

Characterization of Aquimarina hainanensis isolated from diseased mud crab Scylla serrata larvae in a hatchery

Mass mortality due to necrosis signs occurred in hatchery-reared zoea stage larvae of the mud crab Scylla serrata in Okinawa, Japan, and a causative bacterium was isolated. In this study, we identified and characterized the bacterium by genome analysis, biochemical properties and pathogenicity. The bacterium was a Gram-negative, non-motile, long rod, forming yellow colonies on a marine agar plate. It grew at 20–33°C (not at 37°C) and degraded chitin and gelatin. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence identified the bacterium as Aquimarina hainanensis. Genome sequence data obtained from Illumina MiSeq generated 29 contigs with 3.56 Mbp in total length and a G + C content of 32.5%. The predicted 16 chitinase genes, as putative virulence factors, had certain homologies with those of genus Aquimarina. Experimental infection with the bacterium conducted on larvae of four crustacean species, brine shrimp Artemia franciscana, freshwater shrimp Caridina multidentata, swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus and mud crab S. serrata, revealed that this bacterium was highly virulent to these species. The present study suggests that the bacterium caused mass mortality in mud crab seed production was A. hainanensis and can be widely pathogenic to crustaceans.     

Evaluation of limb autotomy as a promising strategy to improve production performances of mud crab (Scylla olivacea) in the soft‐shell farming system

Soft‐shell crab, a newly moulted crab having non‐calcified and hydrated soft exoskeleton, farming has been increasing tremendously in recent years throughout the world due to its high market price and consumer preferences. However, high aggressiveness and cannibalistic behaviour of mud crab limit its culture to an individual chamber system which ultimately makes the soft‐shell mud crab farming space and labour‐intensive. Therefore, the aim of this study was to improve the efficiency of soft‐shell crab production by autotomy of the claw and/or walking legs to reduce the moulting duration and intensify the culture system through double stocking in the existing individual chamber culture system. To achieve our objectives, a series of experiment were conducted at both indoor and on‐farm levels by removing the claw and/or walking legs of Scylla olivacea for two consecutive moulting cycles. Results showed that both claw ablation significantly (p < .01) shortened the moulting duration and increased the carapace width, weight gain, specific growth rate, feeding efficiency and yield parameter compared to the non‐ablated crabs more prominently at 1st moulting than the 2nd moulting in both indoor and on‐farm trials. Ablation of all walking legs while keeping the claw intact did not significantly influence (p > .05) the moulting duration and carapace width, but significantly (p < .01) improved the specific growth rate, weight gain, feeding efficiency and yield parameters at 1st moulting compared to the non‐ablation and unilateral three walking leg ablation groups. However, ablation of all appendages (both claw and walking legs) showed significant (p < .01) improvements of carapace width, weight gain, specific growth rate, feeding efficiency and yield parameters, and shortened the moulting duration up to 23 days from 34 days during 1st moulting and up to 27 days from 40 days at 2nd moulting. The survivals of different autotomized mud crabs were statistically non‐significant (p > .05) to the non‐autotomized crabs in various indoor and on‐farm trials. Besides improving the production performances, ablation of bilateral claw and all appendages allowed to double the stocking density in the existing individual chamber‐based soft‐shell crab farming that enhanced the production about threefold higher than the existing individual chamber‐based culture system. Finally, our results suggest that autotomy could be a promising technology for the commercial farming of soft‐shell mud crab in near future.     

三峡库区万州段投饵网箱养鱼对底泥水化因子的影响

2005年6月至2006年4月对长江三峡库区投饵网箱养殖区上游、网箱养殖区以及网箱养殖区下游底泥中有机物耗氧量、TN、NO3-N、TP、硫化物等指标进行了监测。结果显示,网箱养殖区及网箱下游底泥有机物耗氧量和总磷含量分别高出对照区5.4～6.5 mg/g和0.03～0.08 g/kg,网箱养殖区及网箱下游底泥总氮含量及硝态氮含量分别高出对照区40～80 mg/kg和0.8～1.2 mg/kg,网箱养殖区及网箱下游底层水的硫化物含量平均值分别高出对照区1.3 mg/L和0.11 mg/L。     

Quality assessment of newly hatched mud crab,Scylla serrata,larvae

Starvation and exposure to formalin were investigated as possible stress tests for evaluating the quality of mud crab, Scylla serrata, larvae. For the starvation stress test, newly hatched zoeae stocked in 150‐ml containers were either starved or fed rotifers. Similarly, newly hatched zoeae were stocked in containers with seawater of 0 (control), 20, 30 and 40 mg/L formalin for the formalin stress test. The zoeae from the same batches were used for seed production to monitor their performance and validate the results of stress tests. Starvation was found to be unsuitable for larval quality evaluation. However, the impact of initial food deprivation on the newly hatched larvae indicates that feeding immediately after hatching is necessary for mud crab larvae. Exposure of larvae to 40 mg/L formalin for 3 hr appeared to be a reliable and practical method for larval quality assessment as the survival of larvae in the mass production tanks validated the classification of good and poor quality batches in the stress tests. On this basis, a hatchery operator can decide which batch should be cultured further. Finally, there appears to be a link between the quality of larvae and the performance at the megalopa and early juvenile crabs.     

Optimization of the stocking parameters for mud spiny lobster Panulirus polyphagus (Herbst, 1793) capture‐based aquaculture in tropical open sea floating net cages

Mud spiny lobsters, Panulirus polyphagus (Herbst, 1793), were reared at four different stocking sizes and stocking densities in open sea cages to evaluate their effects on growth performance. To evaluate the effect of stocking size on the growth performance, the lobsters were segregated into four different treatment groups according to size and were stocked at a density of 300 animals per cage. To evaluate the effect of stocking density on the growth performance, lobsters of 81–100 g were stocked in four different stocking densities, i.e. 16/m², 24/m², 32/m² and 40/m². The results showed that the growth rate of (60–80 g) size group, was significantly higher compared to the size groups, i.e. 101–120 g and 121–140 g comprising of larger individuals. The final body weight, though significantly higher in 81–100 g as compared to 60–80 g, the growth performance (i.e. weight gain percentage (WG %) and specific growth rate (SGR)) were not significantly different. The density‐dependent influence on growth performance was evident in this study. The WG % and SGR during 90 days’ culture period was significantly higher in 24/m² compared to other groups. This study provides crucial information about the appropriate stocking density and stocking size of lobsters at the field level, which would help to promote sustainable lobster cage farming by maximizing the production potential of the system.     

赤泥与粉煤灰固稳疏浚底泥磷的研究

底泥疏浚是解决水体富营养化的重要举措之一,如何有效处理疏浚底泥已经成为亟待解决的难题。土地利用是有效吸纳疏浚底泥的方法之一,但却存在营养元素尤其是磷元素容易流失的问题。以铝业矿渣赤泥和煤燃烧副产物粉煤灰为原料,将其用于疏浚底泥中磷的固稳,考察了疏浚底泥的性质、固稳剂对疏浚底泥pH的影响、固稳时间以及固稳剂添加量对磷浸出量的影响。结果表明:疏浚底泥的pH随着固稳剂添加量的增加而升高,磷的浸出量随着固稳时间的延长而降低;对于掺混赤泥的疏浚底泥,磷的浸出量随着赤泥添加量的增加而增加,而对于掺混粉煤灰或赤泥与粉煤灰等量混合的疏浚底泥,磷的浸出量随着固稳剂添加量的增加而降低。粉煤灰或赤泥与粉煤灰等量混合作为固稳剂均能够有效固稳疏浚底泥中的磷。     

五大连池新生代火山泥有机成分检测及其指标相关性分析

[目的]探索五大连池火山泥生态,并为其演变规律提供数据支撑。[方法]以五大连池新生代火山泥为研究对象,利用改良熏蒸浸提法测定火山泥微生物碳、氮;利用化学滴定和比色法测定火山泥酶活性各指标,利用国标规定的土壤指标检测方法测定火山泥养分各指标。[结果]微生物量碳、氮分别以药泉山、火烧山火山泥带最高,5条泥带碳氮比均在10.00~13.00。过氧化氢酶、转化酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶含量分别以莫拉布山、火烧山、龙门山、火烧山、药泉山火山泥带最高,在研究区内,纤维素酶所占比重最大,脲酶最小,总酶含量以药泉山泥带最高。5条泥带全氮、全磷及全钾含量相对较均衡,分别在1.00~2.50、0.20~0.70、19.20~23.50 mg/g,分别以火烧山、龙门山、火烧山最高,有机质以火烧山含量最高。各有机成分间均呈现不同程度的相关性。[结论]药泉山和火烧山火山泥带各有机成分积累能力较强,矿化度较高。相关性分析表明,转化酶对环境变化的响应更为敏感。     

Stepwise function of natural growth for Scylla serrata in East Africa: a valuable tool for assessing growth of mud crabs in aquaculture

Predicting growth is critical in aquaculture, but models of growth are largely missing for mud crab species. Here, we present the first model of natural growth in juvenile and adult mud crabs Scylla serrata from East Africa using a stepwise growth function based on data on intermoult periods and growth at moult from field mark‐recapture, pond and laboratory studies. The results showed a sigmoid growth pattern in carapace width and suggest that S. serrata in East Africa will reach 300 g and sexual maturity ~9.9 months after settlement, and a commercial size of 500 g after 12.4 months. Analyses of the literature identified several issues with the common praxis to compare standard growth measures between aquaculture studies with different initial size or growing periods. Using the new growth function to estimate the proportional difference between modelled and obtained growth as an alternative method, we show that growth rates of S. serrata cultured in cage systems, which are dominant in East Africa, was <40% of the estimated natural growth and growth obtained in pond systems. The analysis also indicated that growth rates of S. serrata in Southeast Asia was over 50% higher compared with similar culture systems in East Africa, and that different species of mud crabs had large differences in growth rates. This study shows that growth in the present mud crab aquaculture systems in East Africa is below their expected potential. Further work is needed to identify the factors behind this observation.