Distribution and spawning dynamics of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in Glacier Bay, Alaska: a cold water refugium

Pacific capelin (Mallotus villosus) populations declined dramatically in the Northeastern Pacific following ocean warming after the regime shift of 1977, but little is known about the cause of the decline or the functional relationships between capelin and their environment. We assessed the distribution and abundance of spawning, non‐spawning adult and larval capelin in Glacier Bay, an estuarine fjord system in southeastern Alaska. We used principal components analysis to analyze midwater trawl and beach seine data collected between 1999 and 2004 with respect to oceanographic data and other measures of physical habitat including proximity to tidewater glaciers and potential spawning habitat. Both spawning and non‐spawning adult Pacific capelin were more likely to occur in areas closest to tidewater glaciers, and those areas were distinguished by lower temperature, higher turbidity, higher dissolved oxygen and lower chlorophyll a levels when compared with other areas of the bay. The distribution of larval Pacific capelin was not sensitive to glacial influence. Pre‐spawning females collected farther from tidewater glaciers were at a lower maturity state than those sampled closer to tidewater glaciers, and the geographic variation in the onset of spawning is likely the result of differences in the marine habitat among sub‐areas of Glacier Bay. Proximity to cold water in Glacier Bay may have provided a refuge for capelin during the recent warm years in the Gulf of Alaska.     

船用钢板漏磁检测的三维有限元分析

为保证船舶的安全,满足对船用钢板进行定期检测的需要,提出利用漏磁检测钢板缺陷的方法,并对该方法进行了三维有限元分析和实验验证.在ANSYS软件中建立检测传感系统、磁化装置和钢板缺陷的三维模型,进行钢板缺陷附近的磁场分布状态的数值仿真,得出了船用钢板磁化后的磁场分布状态,计算出缺陷与磁场分布之间的对应关系曲线,并对缺陷进行判断.检测实验结果证明有限元计算是可靠的.     

船舶柴油机曲轴臂距差电子测量仪的研制

为了解决用传统的拐档表测量臂距差费时、操作不方便而且测量数据不精确的问题,提出一种以单片机为处理芯片的数字显示测量仪方案.选定差动变压器为传感部分,同时设计了仪器的硬件与软件.经曲轴臂距差测量实验得知,本仪器较传统测量方法速度更快,准确度更高,并且实现了数据的存储、显示、打印、通讯等功能.     

Waterfowl-habitat associations during winter in an urban North Atlantic estuary

Coastal habitats near urban centres in North Atlantic estuaries often support substantial numbers of wintering waterfowl, but little is known of the effects of landscape setting and urbanisation on habitat use. We conducted surveys of waterfowl at 32 wintering sites in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, to identify characteristics that may influence habitat use. Sites were chosen along a gradient of urbanisation and reflected the dominant habitat types used by waterfowl in the Bay. Mean waterfowl abundance was 206.7 ± 209.5 birds per site, and sites in the inner part of the estuary had higher overall waterfowl abundances (r² = 0.40, p = 0.021). Species richness ranged from 3.2 to 13.0 and decreased with increasing hunting activity (r² = 0.36, p = 0.040). Hunting activity and habitat characteristics (e.g., latitude, shoreline configuration, prey density) explained 13-27% of the variation in waterfowl abundance and species richness among sites, but landscape characteristics (e.g., surrounding residential development, vegetated land, or wetland surrounding the sites and the extent of wetland edge) explained an additional 1-26%. The landscape characteristics extent of adjacent residential development and vegetated upland were the most common variables entering into the models; most species were more abundant at sites with more adjacent vegetated upland and less adjacent residential development. Our results suggest that landscape setting may be influencing the distribution of wintering waterfowl, and should be considered when developing strategies for the conservation for these species in urban North Atlantic estuaries.     

Bioassay-directed Fractionation of Organic Extracts of Marine Surface Sediments from the North and Baltic Sea - Part II: Results of the biotest battery and development of a biotest index (8 pp)

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Part I: Determination and identification of organic pollutants Part II: Results of the biotest battery and development of a biotest index

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Preamble. This series of two papers presents the results of an interdisciplinary research project (ISIS) dealing with bioassay-directed fractionation of marine sediment extracts. Part I presents the extraction and fractionation procedure as well as the results of chemical analysis, including non-target analysis of sediments. Part II describes the results of the biotest battery in relation to chemicals possibly causing parts of the observed effects. A biotest index is used to compare the toxicities of the samples.

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AUTHORS / AFFILIATIONS Ninja Reineke (3), Werner Wosniok (4), Dirk Danischewski (1), Heinrich Hühnerfuss (3), Angelika Kinder (5), Arne Sierts-Herrmann (5), Norbert Theobald (2), Hans-Heinrich Vahl (6), Michael Vobach (1), Johannes Westendorf (6) and Hans Steinhart (5).

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(1) Federal Research Centre for Fisheries, Institute for Fishery Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany (2) Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Bernhard-Nochtstr. 78, 20359 Hamburg, Germany (3) University of Hamburg, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany (4) University of Bremen, Institute of Statistics, Bibliothekstr. 1, 28334 Bremen, Germany (5) University of Hamburg, Institute for Food Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany (6) University of Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department for Toxicology, Vogt-Kölln-Str. 30, 22527 Hamburg, Germany (7) Eurofins Wiertz-Eggert-Jörissen, Stenzelring 14b, 21107 Hamburg, Germany

Goal, Scope and Background

The ecological relevance of contaminants in mixtures is difficult to assess, because of possible interactions and due to lacking toxicity data for many substances present in environmental samples. Marine sediment extracts, which contain a mixture of environmental contaminants in low concentrations, were the object of this study. The extracts were investigated with a set of different biotests in order to identify the compound or the substance class responsible for the toxicity. For this goal, a combination of biotests, biotest-directed fractionation and chemical analysis has been applied. Further on, a strategy for the development of a biotest index to describe the toxicity of the fractions without a prior ranking of the test results is proposed. This article (Part II) focuses on the biological results of the approach.

Methods

The toxicological potential of organic extracts of sediments from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea was analyzed in a bioassay-directed fractionation procedure with a set of biotests: luciferase reporter gene assays on hormone receptor and Ah receptor, arabinose resistance test, fish embryo test (Danio rerio), comet assay, acetylcholinesterase inhibition test, heat-shock protein 70 induction, oxidative stress and luminescence inhibition test (Vibrio fischeri). The test results provided the basis for the calculation of a biotest index by factor analysis to compare the toxicity of the samples and fractions.

Results and Discussion

Results of 11 biotests on different fractionation levels of the samples were described and discussed with regard to the occurrence of contaminants and their toxic potentials. Polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, quinones, brominated indoles and brominated phenols were in the focus of interest. A biotest index was constructed to compare the toxic responses in the samples and to group the biotest results.

Conclusion

The procedure presented in this study is well suited for bioassay-directed fractionation of marine sediment extracts. However, in relatively low contaminated samples, high enrichment factors and sufficient fractionation is necessary to allow identification of low concentrations of contaminants which is required to link effects and possible causes. In the present case, the relation between substances and effects was difficult to uncover due to relatively low concentrations of pollutants compared to the biogenic matrix and to the remaining complexity of the fractions. The results, with respect to the brominated phenols and indoles in the samples, highlight the successful use of bioassay directed fractionation in the case of high concentrations and high toxicity.

Recommendation and Outlook

In general, it has been shown that a marine risk assessment requires focusing on the input of diffuse sources and taking into account the fact of mixture toxicity. Effects resulting from biogenic substances will make the assessment of the influence of anthropogenic substances even more difficult.     

生产要素对我国海洋渔业经济可持续发展的影响(英文)

根据资源的稀缺性理论,讨论了我国渔业生产要素对海洋渔业可持续发展的影响和生产要素的经济效率。研究表明,我国近海渔场和海洋渔业资源的减少,正成为制约我国海洋渔业可持续发展的主要因素。而近沿海海域对我国海洋养殖产业的经济增长将扮演越来越大的作用。在海洋渔业发展初期,渔业劳动力投入量对推动经济增长有较大的作用,但是,在现阶段,海洋渔业劳动力要素的投入量对海洋渔业经济的增长作用越来越低。目前,海洋渔业劳动力要素投入过剩现象已经十分严重,通过增加海洋渔业劳动力生产要素投入提高海洋渔业经济增长的作用受到制约。对资本要素的研究表明,我国渔民的平均剩余资本低,渔民再投资能力弱,造成渔业人口剩余资本低下的主要原因与我国政府农业政策和渔民的消费习惯有一定的关系。渔业技术进步能提高生产效率。然而,研究表明,大量的研究成果还未能有效地转化到生产中去。我国海洋渔业生产仍然是劳动力和土地密集型,技术革新和组织制度资源相当短缺。尤其是组织和制度资源的短缺,将成为制约我国海洋渔业经济可持续发展的最大问题。我国海洋渔业生产的组织资源表现出明显的极性结构。一端是仍然带有计划经济色彩的集权渔业管理机构,一端是已经完全市场化的高度分散的生产个体。在...     

数据库技术在海洋生物资源与生物栖息环境数据管理中的应用

讨论了如何建立和管理符合地理信息系统需要的海洋生物资源与生物栖息环境数据库。数据库采用Access开发平台，开发操作界面清晰明了，开发的功能有数据录入、导入、导出、查询、修改、汇总统计、打印等，系统界面用户可视化，清晰、直观地显示查询结果，其适用范围是针对海上勘测海洋生物资源与生物栖息环境的专业数据管理，能胜任数据库的日常维护与管理。同时介绍了数据库技术在数据管理中的作用。数据库在日后的海洋渔业资源与环境的研究、评价中必将得到广泛的应用。     

海洋氧化短杆菌15E产碱性蛋白酶的发酵条件

对氧化短杆菌15E菌株(Brevibacterium oxydans)产碱性蛋白酶的发酵条件进行研究,结果表明,培养基初始pH值9.0、培养温度28℃、摇床转速200.rmin-1条件下培养40 h,菌体生长最适且总酶活力达到最大;菌株在添加5 g.L-1牛肉膏、1 g.L-1葡萄糖的酪蛋白培养基中生长和产酶均达到最佳;人工海水中的K+、Ca2+和Mg2+浓度较为适合15E菌株生长和产酶,其中K+对菌株产酶起关键作用.     

地理信息系统在海洋渔业中的应用现状及前景分析

地理信息系统（geographic information system,GIS）作为一种高效的时空分析工具,于20世纪80年代末期应用于海洋渔业领域,并在渔海况数据采集与分析、渔业资源与海洋环境关系、水产养殖选址、渔业资源评估与分析、标志放流、海洋生态系统以及渔情预报等方面得到广泛应用。但GIS在渔业方面的应用仍然面临着巨大挑战,渔业信息已不再局限于渔业数据及相关环境数据,还应包含与渔民本身相关的社会经济数据,即未来的海洋渔业GIS应是一个集自然资源与环境系统、人类系统、社会系统与经济系统为一体的综合系统。基于生态系统的海洋渔业管理及可持续性已得到全社会和国际组织的共同关注,GIS相比于传统分析方法具有很大的优势,将有助于提高海洋渔业信息决策分析。未来GIS在海洋渔业中的应用将注重以下几个方面：（1）基础数据库的建立及数据标准化;（2）鱼类关键栖息地的分析与研究;（3）海洋保护区的确定;（4）渔业资源的长期监测与管理;（5）鱼类洄游分布及海洋环境的三维化。结合我国大洋渔业的研究现状,提出了建立基于GIS我国大洋渔业信息系统的框架。     

《中越北部湾渔业合作协定》对我国南海各省（区）海洋渔业影响的初步分析

在初步分析了《中华人民共和国政府和越南社会主义共和国政府北部湾 渔业合作协定》的签定背景和主要内容的基础上，本文针对我国在北部湾业现状，由此可能产生的影响以及应采取的对策进行了初步探讨，认为划界后，南海区将有大批渔船湾西部渔场退出，造成经济损失约99．3亿元，同时渔民转产难度较大，会对近海渔业资源造成更大压力，增大机动渔船禁渔区和禁渔期等制度实施难度。此外，由于渔船的装备和渔民的水平等，难以确切把握北部湾的分界线，容易造成纠纷。本文据此对我国在北部渔业管理中应注意的问题提出几点看法；（1）扩大宣传，提高全社会保护渔业资源的理解；（2）降低捕捞强度，继续调整作业结构；（3）调查渔业资源，合理制定资源开发，利用方案；（4）成立专门机构，统一贯彻落实新规定。