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81.
四川省长江上游水土保持工程生态经济综合评价 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
小流域水土流失治理策略及其生态经济评价是水土保持学科的热点问题,以整个工程实施范围作为对象的研究成果鲜见报道。该文以四川省长江上游水土保持重点防治综合治理第五期工程整个治理区域为研究对象,以县级行政区内的小流域综合治理区域为评价单元,选取反映项目区社会经济和生态状况的46个指标,通过运用主成分分析法和多元线性回归分析,得出13种治理措施主成分,并对治理前后的生态经济状况进行综合评价和排序,建立了生态经济综合发展水平位次变化与治理措施主成分之间的多元线性回归模型。结果表明:不同的治理措施、治理措施实施的范围大小、实施的力度和强度是影响其对于生态经济发展水平贡献大小的主要原因。 相似文献
82.
Rivers and streams lined by narrow forest strips are common in the lowland countryside of south-western Costa Rica. We studied the importance of these gallery forests for understorey birds, especially forest species. Using mist-nets, we captured 1110 birds belonging to 90 species between June and September 2007 at 16 sites spread equally over four habitat types: forest interior, forest margin, gallery forest connected to closed forest, and isolated gallery forest. Though isolated gallery forests had the greatest number of expected species in total, they supported the lowest number of forest-specialist species, lower even than connected gallery forests. Granivorous birds showed an increase from forest to isolated gallery forest, all other feeding guilds however showed no change. The studied habitats differed from each other in their faunal composition. Assemblages of three species groups categorised by their habitat preferences (forest specialists, forest generalists, non-forest species) showed nested distribution patterns across the four habitats. There was no significant difference in the proportion of birds with brood patches or of recaptures across the studied habitat types, leading to the assumption that birds not only use gallery forests for movement and foraging but also for reproduction. Though of limited conservation value for most forest understorey birds, at least for a small fraction of forest species gallery forests constitute an important secondary habitat. More significantly, they can form corridors or stepping stones that allow movements within the matrix of human-dominated habitats, and represent an important landscape component benefiting total bird species richness in the Costa Rican countryside. 相似文献
83.
对线性回归模型的参数给出了一种新的有偏压缩估计,简称BC估计,并证明了BC估计的许多优良性质。 相似文献
84.
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86.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):111-118
Abstract Wood is being used heavily in single-family residential dwellings. Therefore, it is important to categorize their response when exposed to elevated temperatures for a sustained period of time. An important aspect of structural fire design is to assess postfire residual strength of existing structures. This study addresses this issue by developing models to predict strength degradation of wood after exposure to elevated temperature. The objectives were to (a) study the effect of exposure time on bending strength [Modulus of Rupture (MOR)] of wood at elevated temperatures, (b) interpret any relationships between different temperature and time of exposure using kinetics and a statistical approach, and (c) compare the two approaches. Two hundred thirty-two samples in total were tested in flexure as a function of exposure time and several temperatures. MOR of wood decreased as a function of temperature and exposure time. Rate of degradation was higher at higher temperatures. These results were fit to a simple kinetics model, based on the assumption of degradation kinetics following an Arrhenius activation energy model with apparent activation energy of 37.4 kJ/mol. A regression-based statistical model was also developed. The kinetics-based model fit the data better with one less parameter and predictions consistently matched the observed values, making the model preferred over the regression approach. 相似文献
87.
We focus on the zero-catch problem of CPUE (catch per unit effort) standardization. Because the traditional CPUE model with a log-normal error structure cannot be applied in this case, three methods have often been utilized as follows:
- (1) Ad hoc method adds a small constant value to all response variables.
- (2) Catch model with a Poisson or negative-binomial (NB) error structure.
- (3) Delta-type two-step method such as the delta-normal model (after estimating the ratio of zero-catch using a logit or probit model, a model such as CPUE log-normal or Catch-Poisson is applied to CPUE without zero-data).
88.
本文通过哈尔滨机场高速公路测设中所遇到的平面线形、纵断面设计、排水以及旧路利用等问题 ,提出了在测设中的解决方法 ,为以后的设计提供了有益依据。 相似文献
89.
《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2009,18(1):85-89
Sensitivity analysis is a part of mathematical programming solutions and is used in making nutritional and economic decisions for a given feed formulation problem. The terms shadow price and reduced cost are familiar linear program (LP) terms to feed formulators. Because of the nonlinear nature of stochastic programming (SP), different methods and terminology are used to define shadow prices and reduced costs. The Lagrange multiplier is used instead of shadow price to describe marginal value of nutrients. Reduced gradient is used instead of reduced cost to describe the price at which ingredients not used in the formulation would be included in the solution. A spreadsheet feed problem was set up with 11 ingredients and 11 constraints. The LP and SP solutions were determined using the Excel Solver algorithm. Two problems compared LP and SP solutions at 50 and 69% probabilities for the protein constraint. All other constraints were held at a 50% probability. Results for the 50% probability comparison showed that the feed formulations, as expected, were the same for both LP and SP. Wheat was not included in the solution. The LP reduced cost and the SP reduced gradient for unused wheat were equivalent. The LP shadow prices and the SP Lagrange multipliers were equivalent. Results for the 69% probability problem showed a difference in the formulated rations. The LP reduced cost was $34.25 and the SP reduced cost was $34.52, showing the respective amounts that the cost of wheat would have to be reduced to be included in the solution. The shadow price and the Lagrange multiplier were $2.73 and $2.71, respectively, for the amount of increase in diet cost that could be expected by a unit of change in the protein requirement. Some differences in precision were noted with the results. A caveat is that, because of nonlinearity, sensitivity analysis for SP is valid only for the single point of the optimal solution. 相似文献
90.
新疆博尔塔拉河干流段水量入,出关系分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本研究运用线性系统的理论和单、双序列的频谱分析方法,分析了新疆博尔塔拉河干流段温泉站入流量、博乐站出流量的自谱特征和互谱关系。文中提出的几点结论可供流域水资源计算及评价参考 相似文献