黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地土壤-植物系统重金属污染评价

以黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地为例,评价了淹水和非淹水区湿地表层土壤As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Pb和Zn 6种重金属的污染程度及其在土壤-植物系统中的迁移、富集特征,分析了不同积水深度和土壤理化性质对研究区土壤重金属含量的影响.研究结果表明,与土壤或沉积物质量标准相比,黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地土壤受As和Cd污染最严重,而其它重金属污染较轻;非淹水土壤Cd、Cr和Zn含量高于淹水湿地,而As、Cu和Pb则较低;而且淹水土壤As含量随积水深度增加而呈下降趋势,但积水深度对其他重金属含量的影响不明显.相关性分析结果表明,按照受土壤关键影响因子的不同重金属(除As外)可以分为两类:第一类为Cd、Cr和Zn,这些重金属含量受土壤pH值和盐分影响较大,且相互间存在显著正相关关系,表明它们可能有相同的来源;第二类为Pb和Cu,它们受土壤pH值、盐分和有机质的影响,且Pb和Cu之间存在显著正相关关系.除Cr、Cu和Zn外,重金属在盐地碱蓬的根系内一般不发生显著富集,但绝大多数重金属都表现出地上部分的含量比根系更高的现象.     

高温低渗油藏表面活性剂驱影响因素研究

为改善高温低渗油藏开发效果,开展了表面活性剂驱影响因素研究。通过在114℃条件下,对亲水、亲油低渗岩心进行表面活性剂驱油实验,考察了界面张力、乳化作用、润湿反转以及注入时机对注入压力、驱油效率等的影响。研究结果表明,表面活性剂体系与原油间的界面张力越低,提高驱油效率和降低注入压力的幅度越大。表面活性剂的乳化速率越高,原油采收率越高;乳化降黏能力越强,降压效果越好;同时,适当降低乳状液稳定性也对驱油有利。表面活性剂的润湿反转作用使其能在较高界面张力下有效驱油,并在亲油岩心中获得较亲水岩心更好的增油降压效果。此外,在中等含水阶段进行表面活性剂驱,能够利用最低的投入获得最高的原油采收率。     

Effects of soil moisture regimes on growth and photosynthesis of the riparian plant Bolboschoenus planiculmis

Plants distributed in riparian regions experience frequent episodes of flooding and drought between years, and hence, riparian plants need to be floodand drought-tolerant. Riparian plants possess various traits to survive flooding, while their sensitivity to drought has received less attention. To investigate the growth and photosynthetic responses of a riparian species (Bolboschoenus planiculmis) to flooding and drought, plants of this species were subjected to 60-d flooding or drought stress under greenhouse conditions. Growth and photosynthetic traits were measured at the end of the treatments. As well, we determined the efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus in mature leaves. Plants of B. planiculmis adequately adjusted their growth and photosynthetic traits under both flooding and drought conditions. Flooding did not affect the above-ground growth of B. planiculmis. Increased growth of roots and rhizomes and the generation of new tubers suggested a high ability of below-ground lateral growth by capturing resources under flooding conditions. Enhanced photosynthetic capacity, retained leaf pigment concentrations and chlorophyll a fluorescence capacity indicated photosynthetic adaptation to flooding. In contrast, drought significantly decreased the above-ground growth of B. planiculmis, especially the leaves, thereby minimizing water loss due to transpiration. Its increased root to shoot ratio and "phalanx" asexual propagation pattern might enhance soil water uptake ability. Although the functional leaves of B. planiculmis could retain their leaf pigment concentrations, as well as photosynthesis and chlorophyll a fluorescence, the total biomass of plants decreased, which may be a consequence of the reduced leaf area, suggesting adverse effects by drought. Therefore, both growth and photosynthetic responses of B. planiculmis are likely to contribute to the ability of this species to thrive in riparian regions, but remain susceptive to drought.     

Growth and yield response of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) to waterlogging at different vegetative stages

ABSTRACT

This study identified timing (1st, 3rd, or 5th leaf stage) and duration (1, 3, 6, or 10 days) of waterlogging treatment during the vegetative stage that had the most severe effect on yield and elucidated yield determining process. Yield was reduced the most by the waterlogging treatments at the 3rd leaf stage. Among stages, yield was significantly depressed, when the treatment duration was longer than 6 days. Seed weight of the 1st branches declined more under waterlogging treatments than did that of main stem and 2nd branches, accounting for approximately 55% of total seed weight in all treatments. On the other hand, the decline in node and branch numbers was more pronounced for 2nd branches than 1st branches at the ripening stage. The development of the 2nd branches during ripening did not contribute much to increase sink capacity. Development of the main stem and the 1st branches was almost complete until the full flowering stage and shoot dry weight did not increase from the full flowering stage to the ripening stage. Shoot dry weight at the full flowering stage was determined by both leaf number and net assimilation rate (NAR). Flower cluster number at that stage was significantly correlated with total seed weight. These results showed that the critical timing was at the 3rd leaf stage and the critical duration was longer than 6 days and indicated that maintenance of leaf number and NAR and development of flowers on the 1st branches until the full flowering stage would ensure the yield.

Abbreviations: NAR - net assimilation rate, SLA - specific leaf area, g_s - stomatal conductance.     

Short-term evaluation of oxygen transfer from rice (Oryza sativa) to mixed planted drought-adapted upland crops under hydroponic culture

Mixed cropping is a cultivation method widely practiced in tropical regions. The newly developed close mixed planting technique mitigates the flood stress of drought-adapted upland cereal species by co-growing rice (Oryza sativa) plants under field flood conditions. We tested the hypothesis that O₂ was transferred from rice to upland crops using the model system of hydroponic culture. To confirm the hypothesis, the phenomena of O₂ absorption and release by plants were evaluated in a water culture condition without soil. Experiments were conducted in a climate chamber to estimate the amount of O₂ released from the roots of rice and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) under both O₂-rich (20.0 ± .0% conc. in phase I) and O₂-free dark (.8 ± .0% conc. in phase II) conditions. The total O₂ change (between the two phases) in a single planting of rice and pearl millet was significantly higher than that of the mixed planting of rice and pearl millet, which indicated that O₂ was transferred from rice to pearl millet under a water culture condition. The result indicated that approximately 7 μM O₂ g fresh root weight^?1 h^?1 was transferred between the two plant species. O₂ transfer was confirmed between the two plant species in a mix cultured in water, implying its contribution to the phenomenon that improved the physiological status of drought-adapted upland crops under field flood conditions.     

Plant selection for rain gardens: Response to simulated cyclical flooding of 15 perennial species

Plant selection for rain gardens can be complicated, as cyclic flooding and a gradient of moisture level are expected in the depression structure of a rain garden. However, few studies to date have quantified how plant establishment is affected by rain garden moisture dynamics. This study investigated tolerance of 15 candidate perennial species, which experienced flooding cycles consisting of 1-day and 4-day inundation and draining phases. In this study, detection of species suitability using survival and growth measurements coupled with the stress indicator (i.e. chlorophyll fluorescence) provided a valid framework for wider use in plant selection for rain gardens. The methodology is also confident in predicting the possible placing in different plant moisture zones. All species survived the cyclic flooding treatments and grew to their maximum. Photosynthesis and physical growth in only a few candidate species (e.g. Amsonia tabernaemontana var. salicifolia, Gaura lindheimeri, Sanguisorba tenuifolia ‘Purpurea’ and Thalictrum aquilegifolium) tended to be inhibited by treatments adopting 4-day cyclic flooding, whilst tolerance to 1-day cyclic flooding was clearly demonstrated in most species. Analysis suggests that most species assumed to withstand infrequent to periodic inundation, such as Iris sibirica, Filipendula purpurea and Miscanthus sinensis, are resilient species and are sensible for use in a wider range of rain garden moisture conditions from damp depression bottom to dry margin. Species assumed to be intolerant of inundation such as Gaura lindheimeri may be successful in the rain garden environment, but they are recommended for the dryer zones.     

三峡消落带几种一年生优势草本枯落物分解及养分释放特征

基于三峡消落带夏汛期水淹特征,设置两种水分处理[无水淹对照组(CK)和水淹组(F)],采用分解袋法,对三峡库区消落带3种具有典型代表性的一年生草本植物狼杷草(Bidens tripartita)、稗(Echinochloa crus-galli)和水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper)地上枯落物干质量损失率和养分释放特征进行研究。结果表明:1)3种一年生草本枯落物的初始化学组成及其化学计量比差异显著(P<0.05),干质量损失率和元素释放率与初始N、P、K含量及N/P比值显著正相关,而与初始C、木质素含量以及木质素/N和C/N比值显著负相关;2)水淹加速了3种植物枯落物的干质量损失率和元素释放速率,对N、P、K释放率的影响最大;3)除对照组的P元素释放速率和水淹组的K元素释放率外,狼杷草和稗的干质量损失率和元素释放率均显著高于水蓼(P<0.05)。这表明狼杷草和稗对三峡库区的水体和底泥的营养状态具有较大影响,其枯落物的快速分解可能造成水体和底泥N、P含量升高,而水蓼对其的影响较小。因此,建议优先考虑对狼杷草和稗在夏汛期前适时回收、刈割,从而减少其对库区水体及底泥的养分释放。     

Evaluation and development of flood‐tolerant soybean cultivars

Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) cultivars are generally sensitive to flooding stress. The plant growth is severely affected and grain yield is largely reduced in the flooded field. It is important to develop flood‐tolerant soybean cultivars for grain production in regions of heavy rainfalls worldwide. In this study, a total of 722 soybean genotypes were evaluated for flooding tolerance at R1 stages (first flower at any node) in the 5‐year flooding screening tests. Differential soybean genotypes exhibited diverse responses to flooding stress with that plant foliar damage score (FDS) and plant survival rate (PSR) ranged from 1.9 to 8.8 and 3.4% to 81.7%, respectively (p < .0001). Based on our standard of flooding evaluation, most genotypes were sensitive to flooding with 6.0 of average FDS and 38.7% of PSR. Fifty‐two soybean genotypes showed flooding tolerance and 11 genotypes were with consistent flooding tolerance during 4‐ to 5‐year continual evaluations. In the meantime, six genotypes were identified with consistent high sensitivity to flooding. The group analysis showed that genotypes from different sources had distinguishable responses to flooding stress (p < .0001). The interacting analysis of year and flooding tolerance indicated that FDS and PSR means were significantly different among 5 years due to weather temperature and flooding treatment time influences of each year (p < .0001). Furthermore, five breeding lines with high‐yielding and flood‐tolerant traits were developed using selected consistent flood‐tolerant and high‐yielding genotypes through conventional breeding approach.     

植物光合特性对水淹胁迫的响应机制

水淹环境造成的低氧和低光照条件使植物的形态、生理和代谢发生不同程度的变化。植物通过这些变化改变自身生长特性, 以适应水淹环境。光合作用是植物重要生理特性之一, 它在胁迫环境下的响应变化已成为反应植物耐胁迫能力的有效指标。文中总结了水淹过程中植物形成的一系列光合适应性机制, 主要包括光合作用进程调控、光呼吸能耗调节和抗氧化系统保护。这些机制的运行在一定程度上调节了光合作用进程, 保护了光合器官, 从而维持了植物的生长。     

Flooding affects the development of Plasmodiophora brassicae in Arabidopsis roots during the secondary phase of infection

Clubroot, a disease of Brassicaceae species, is caused by the soilborne pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. High soil water content was previously described to favour the motility of zoospores and their penetration into root cells. In this study, the effect of irrigation regimes on clubroot development during the post‐invasive secondary phase of infection was investigated. Three irrigation regimes (low, standard, high) were tested on two Arabidopsis accessions, Col‐0 (susceptible) and Bur‐0, a partially resistant line. In Col‐0, clubroot symptoms and resting spore content were higher under the ‘low irrigation’ regime than the other two regimes, thus enhancing the phenotypic contrast between the two Arabidopsis accessions. Clubroot severity under high and low irrigation regimes was evaluated in near‐isogenic lines derived from a Col‐0 ×  Bur‐0 cross, to assess the effect of soil moisture on the expression of each of four quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling partial resistance. The presence of the Bur‐0 allele at the QTL PbAt5.2 resulted in reduced severity only under low irrigation, whereas the Bur‐0 allele at QTL PbAt5.1 was associated with partial resistance only under high irrigation. QTL PbAt4 reduced the number of resting spores in infected roots, but was not associated with reduced clubroot symptoms. The results indicated that soil moisture could have consequences for the secondary phase of clubroot development, depending on plant genotype. Future genetic studies may benefit from using combinations of watering conditions during the secondary stage of infection, thus opening up the possibility of identifying genetic factors expressed under specific environmental conditions.