两步扩增法在玉米抗大斑病相关基因片段分离中的应用

对一步扩增法和两步扩增法在DDRT-PCR中的扩增效率进行了比较,结果发现,两种方法得到的片段大小都在150~1500 bp之间,但条带数量和清晰度不同。一步扩增法得到的扩增条带为30~45 条,条带较模糊,两步扩增法得到的扩增条带为40~60条,条带清晰。一步扩增法获得102 条玉米抗大斑病差异表达条带,只有55条带中的cDNA能够成功回收并产生有效扩增,差异条带回收率为53 9%,而两步扩增法获得了148条差异条带,其中138条带都能得到有效回收和扩增,回收率达93 2%。因此,两步扩增法更有利于差异条带的回收和二次扩增。     

晚冬早春阶段增温对冬小麦光合性能及旗叶衰老的调控作用

【目的】针对华北平原北部冬小麦生长发育所需的适宜温度与环境实际温度间的矛盾,通过晚冬早春阶段性增温,研究拔节前增温及拔节后揭除塑膜相对降温对冬小麦旗叶光合性能和衰老的调控作用,以期为华北平原冬小麦通过调控温度延缓小麦衰老和挖掘产量潜力提供理论及方法依据。【方法】2015—2017年连续2个生长季在河北省农林科学院深州旱作节水农业试验站进行大田试验,以“衡观35”为试验材料,晚冬早春采用搭建温室的方法,设置覆盖2层塑膜（M2E,1月25日—3月25日）、覆盖2层塑膜（M2L,2月5日—3月25日）、覆盖1层塑膜（M1,2月20日—3月25日）、常规生产对照（CK）共4个处理,以覆盖有孔和无孔塑膜以及时间的早晚和长短来调控温度和小麦生长发育时间,由此获得了时间相同的小麦生长发育进程不同、发育进程相同而所处日期和温度不同的结果。试验过程中记录每个处理各生育期起始时间,并测定光合特性、衰老相关酶活性、产量、水分利用效率等指标。【结果】早覆盖的M2E处理的冬小麦比对照开花提前8 d,成熟提前3—4 d;灌浆期旗叶叶绿素相对含量SPAD提高17.3%、净光合速率提高30.8%、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性提高23.7%、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性提高27.2%、过氧化物酶（POD）活性提高19.4%、丙二醛（MDA）含量降低23.8%;开花时的旗叶面积增大27%,收获时籽粒产量提高22.8%,水分利用效率提高16.9%。随着增温时间的推迟和覆盖时间的缩短,上述指标与对照差异越来越小,以至于M1处理上述指标与CK均显著不差异。【结论】晚冬早春阶段增温既维持了旗叶较高的光合速率,又显著延缓了旗叶衰老,进而为灌浆提供了物质基础;既增加了小麦穗粒数,又延长了小麦灌浆时间,从而获得了高产,获得高产的同时虽然增加了耗水量但促进了水分的高效利用。晚冬早春阶段增温是华北平原北部冬小麦有效平衡热量资源供应与生长发育所需的方法,既可减轻晚冬早春冻害对小麦返青及拔节的影响,又可规避小麦生育后期干热风带来的危害。     

姜荷花观赏苞片衰老生理和永生花的制作技术

姜荷花(Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep.)是姜科姜黄属草本球根花卉,不育苞片在长圆形穗状花序上呈荷花状排列,花型雅致。本研究以姜荷花品种“清迈粉”为研究对象,对姜荷花自然生长状态下花序衰老过程中观赏苞片的丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等生理生化指标进行了测定,以期通过对上述指标的研究为延长自然生长状态下姜荷花苞片观赏期奠定基础,结果表明：随着观赏苞片衰败进程,苞片持续受到活性氧伤害,在苞片全部展开达到盛花期时,SOD清除超氧根离子的能力达到顶峰。苞片初花期在清除过氧化氢起重要作用的是CAT,而苞片衰败期POD在清除过氧化氢中起重要作用。盛花期时,观赏苞片中脯氨酸含量最高,超氧化物歧化酶活性最强,耐逆性最佳。另外,本研究探索了姜荷花永生花制作技术,该技术的出现既可丰富永生花的产品种类,又可以为花卉产业带来经济效益,实际应用价值较高。     

Effects of post-silking water deficit on the leaf photosynthesis and senescence of waxy maize

Waxy maize is widely cultivated under rainfed conditions and frequently suffers water shortage during the late growth stage. In this study, a pot trial was conducted to examine the effects of post-silking drought on leaf photosynthesis and senescence and its influence on grain yield. Two waxy maize hybrids, Suyunuo 5(SYN5) and Yunuo 7(YN7), were grown under the control and drought(soil moisture content was 70–80% and 50–60%, respectively) conditions after silking in 2016 and 2017. The decrease in yield was 11.1 and 15.4% for YN7 and SYN5, respectively, owing to the decreased grain weight and number. Post-silking dry matter accumulation was reduced by 27.2% in YN7 and 26.3% in SYN5. The contribution rate of pre-silking photoassimilates transferred to grain yield was increased by 15.6% in YN7 and 10.2% in SYN5, respectively. Post-silking drought increased the malondialdehyde content, but decreased the contents of water, soluble protein, chlorophyll, and carotenoid in the leaves. The weakened activities of enzymes involved in photosynthesis(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and antioxidant system(catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) reduced the photosynthetic rate(P_n) and accelerated leaf senescence. The correlation results indicated that reduced Pn and catalase activity and increased malondialdehyde content under drought conditions induced the decrease of post-silking photoassimilates deposition, ultimately resulted in the grain yield loss.     

雷帕霉素预处理延缓牡丹‘洛阳红’切花衰老的生理效应

为研究雷帕霉素靶标激酶TOR在牡丹开花衰老过程中的生理作用，以牡丹（Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.）‘洛阳红’切花为试材，用0.01 μmol • L-1雷帕霉素预处理2 h后瓶插，并测定瓶插寿命、能量物质含量、糖分含量、乙烯释放速率、呼吸速率、MDA含量以及PsTOR、PsSnRK1和PsHXK1表达量变化。结果表明：雷帕霉素预处理可延长该牡丹切花的瓶插最佳观赏期和增大花朵的最大花径；另外，雷帕霉素预处理还可提高花瓣可溶性糖含量和能荷积累，降低呼吸耗能和MDA含量，并下调瓶插初期PsSnRK1和PsHXK1的表达水平，上调瓶插后期PsTOR和PsSnRK1的表达水平。说明雷帕霉素可通过TOR途径调控能量感知，延缓牡丹切花的开放和衰老进程，进而提高瓶插品质。     

水稻叶片早衰突变体的农艺与生理性状研究进展

叶片早衰严重影响水稻产量与品质。研究水稻叶片早衰突变体的农艺及生理性状,有助于了解水稻叶片衰老进程和机理。本文简述了叶片衰老特征和衰老机制,重点综述了水稻叶片早衰突变体的类型、农艺与生理性状研究进展及延缓水稻叶片衰老的栽培调控途径。可为水稻抗衰老品种选育及栽培调控提供理论依据。     

四甲基戊二酸对夏玉米光合生产特征的调控效应

为研究四甲基戊二酸(TGA)对夏玉米光合特征和产量的调控效应, 2018、2019年在中国农业科学院新乡试验基地开展大田试验,以中单909 (ZD909)和京农科728 (JNK728)为试验材料,设置5个TGA施用梯度(0、75、150、225和300 g hm~(–2))。结果表明,适宜剂量的TGA处理可提高玉米产量、延缓玉米生育期内功能叶的衰老速率,增强灌浆期的净光合速率,试验条件下TGA的最佳施用量为150 g hm~(–2)。在TGA最佳施用量下, ZD909和JNK728的产量相比对照2年平均分别增加8.7%和11.7%。2个品种玉米生育期内叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和光合势相比对照平均分别增加14.3%和19.7%、18.7%和22.7%、10.9%和16.9%;而叶片衰老速率相比对照平均降低了55.9%和56.5%;灌浆期的净光合速率相比对照平均分别增加44.0%和58.4%。相关性分析表明,玉米产量与生育期内叶片衰老速率呈显著负相关,而与灌浆期净光合速率呈显著正相关。综上, TGA处理能够提高叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量,延缓玉米叶片衰老速率,并提高了灌浆期净光合速率,进而实现玉米增产。     

Selection of ethylene-resistant carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) by video recording system and their response to ethylene

We used conventional cross-breeding techniques to develop a carnation with low ethylene sensitivity. A time-lapse video recording system for evaluating ethylene sensitivity of flowers, developed in our earlier study, proved useful for this breeding. We selected 10 new ethylene-resistant lines, in addition to the previously selected line 64–54. Lines 902–48a, 234–43S, and 234–36S showed extremely low ethylene sensitivity. The response time to 10 μL L⁻¹ ethylene of these three lines exceeded 50 h in two independent experiments (2004 and 2005), whereas that of three sensitive control cultivars (‘White Sim’, ‘Excerea’, and ‘Scania’) was 6.2–8.0 h. The mean vase life of the ethylene-resistant lines ranged from 7.6 to 12.7 days (1.4–2.3 times that of ‘White Sim’). The application of ethylene to carnation flowers induced autocatalytic ethylene production in both petals and gynoecia of 9 of the 11 ethylene-resistant lines without petal wilting, indicating that the autocatalytic ethylene production was regulated independently of the petal wilting reaction. This result further suggests that these lines have normal ethylene receptors and produce ethylene autocatalytically, but their petal wilting reaction stops at a point beyond the receptor. Two lines (118–64S and 120–69S) showed extremely low ethylene production at flower senescence and very low autocatalytic ethylene production from petals and gynoecia.     

Phenological development, leaf emergence, tillering and leaf area index, and duration of spring wheat across Europe in response to CO2 and ozone

Phenological development, leaf emergence, tillering and leaf area index (LAI), and duration (LAD) of spring wheat cv. Minaret, grown in open-top chambers at different sites throughout Europe for up to 3 years at each site, were investigated in response to elevated CO₂ (ambient CO₂×2) and ozone (ambient ozone ×1.5) concentrations.

Phenological development varied among experiments and was partly explained by differences in temperature among sites and years. There was a weak positive relationship between the thermal rate of development and the mean daylength for the period from emergence to anthesis. Main stems produced on average 7.7 leaves with little variation among experiments. Variation was higher for the thermal rate of leaf emergence, which was partly explained by differences in the rate of change of daylength at plant emergence among seasons. Phenological development, rate of leaf emergence and final leaf number were not affected by CO₂ and ozone exposure. Responses of tillering and LAI to CO₂ and ozone exposure were significant only in some experiments. However, the direction of responses was consistent for most experiments. The number of tillers and ears per plant, respectively, was increased as a result of CO₂ enrichment by about 13% at the beginning of stem elongation (DC31), at anthesis and at maturity. Exposure to ozone had no effect on tillering. LAI was increased as a result of CO₂ elevation by about 11% at DC31 and by about 14% at anthesis. Ozone exposure reduced LAI at anthesis by about 9%. No such effect was observed at DC31. There were very few interactive effects of CO₂ and ozone on tillering and LAI. Variations in tillering and LAI, and their responses to CO₂ and ozone exposure, were partly explained by single linear relationships considering differences in plant density, tiller density and the duration of developmental phases among experiments. Consideration of temperature and incident photosynthetically active radiation in this analysis did not reduce the unexplained variation. There was a negative effect of ozone exposure on leaf area duration at most sites. Direct effects of elevated CO₂ concentration on leaf senescence, both positive and negative, were observed in some experiments. There was evidence in several experiments that elevated CO₂ concentration ameliorated the negative effect of ozone on leaf area duration. It was concluded from these results that an analysis of the interactive effects of climate, CO₂ and ozone on canopy development requires reference to the physiological processes involved.