短季棉主要农艺性状的遗传分析

选用5个早熟不早衰的短季棉品种和5 个早衰的短季棉品种进行部分双列杂交。通过对亲本、F1 和F2 代分别于2001 年和 2002 年两年田间试验研究。结果表明:子棉产量、皮棉产量和衣分3个性状以显性效应为主,其次为加性效应,同时还存在极显著的加性上位性与环境的互作效应,单铃重和成铃数以显性效应为主;与早熟有关的诸性状,生育期、始花期、铃期和果枝始节4个性状以加性效应为主,其次为显性效应,霜前花率以显性效应×环境互作效应为主,同时存在显著的加性上位效应,落叶株率以加性与加性互作上位性为主,落叶指数以加性效应为主;与纤维品质有关的诸性状,2.5%跨长、比强度、伸长率3个性状以加性效应为主,其次为显性效应,同时还存在着加性、上位性与环境的互作效应;同时还研究了产量、早熟性和纤维品质各性状之遗传和表型相关关系。     

Silver thiosulphate: An experimental tool in plant science

The anti-ethylene properties of silver thiosulphate (STS) are reviewed. Because of the specificity of the silver ion in STS, ethylene sensitive and non-sensitive components can be distinguished in studies on the effects of ethylene on plant growth and development. The ability of STS to prevent wilting in cut flowers and petal drop in potted flowering plants, and to induce sex transformations in female plants, together with its relative ease of application and low cost per plant, are arguments in favour of using STS in commercial horticulture.     

聚糠萘水剂对不同积温带玉米叶片衰老和籽粒灌浆速率的影响

在大田栽培条件下,以郑单958和丰单3号为材料,于六叶期喷施玉米专用抗冷剂聚糠萘水剂(PKN),研究PKN对黑龙江省3个积温带上花后玉米穗位叶衰老生理及籽粒灌浆速率的影响。结果表明,从第I积温带到第III积温带,气温逐渐降低; 两玉米品种穗位叶的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及叶绿素(Chl a+Chl b)含量均呈逐渐下降趋势,而MDA含量呈逐渐升高的趋势。同一积温带,两品种不同处理的穗位叶SOD、POD、CAT的活性随生育期呈“先升高后下降”的单峰变化趋势,而MDA含量呈“先降低后升高”的趋势; PKN处理后3个积温带的两品种穗位叶SOD、POD、CAT的活性及叶绿素含量较对照均有不同程度的提高。而MDA的含量与对照相比呈下降趋势。从第I积温带到第III积温带,两品种籽粒的干重均随籽粒的发育呈“慢—快—慢”的S型变化,而灌浆速率呈“先升高后降低”的单峰曲线变化趋势,且两品种籽粒干物重和灌浆速率呈下降趋势; PKN处理后两品种的籽粒干物重和灌浆速率较对照均有不同程度的提高。2010年和2011年PKN处理后3个积温带两品种的产量均增加。2010年第III积温带的ZDTR和FDTR的增产幅度比第I、第II积温带高2.58%、1.17%和2.04%、1.48%。2011年第III积温带的ZDTR和FDTR的增产幅度比第I、第II积温带高8.2%、5.1%和3.4%、0.8%。由此可见,PKN处理后延缓玉米叶片衰老,提高籽粒的灌浆速率,最终增加玉米的产量。     

水稻植株衰老调控研究进展

激素、基因、外部条件均可诱导早衰发生,而水稻早衰是影响其产量进一步提高的主要因素之一。该研究综述了通过调控代谢、改变外界因素和运用转基因技术在延缓水稻植株衰老方面的研究进展,旨在探明抑制早衰的有效方法和途径,为保证水稻高产稳产提供保障。     

ZmNAP基因对玉米抗衰老及产量性状的调控效应

为了探索ZmNAP基因在调控玉米抗衰老及产量性状等方面的作用,根据已知的ZmNAP基因cDNA序列构建玉米Ubi启动子控制下的ZmNAP的RNA干扰载体pTCK303ihpZmNAP,并通过农杆菌介导的方法对ZmNAP基因进行遗传转化。结果表明:ZmNAP转基因玉米植株在叶片滞绿、籽粒千粒重等方面较野生型植株(WT)有明显优势,转基因植株比野生型植株千粒重提高15%～30%。ZmNAP基因在玉米育种中具有重要的应用价值。     

不同杂交稻灌浆期叶片衰老指标在常规水分管理及限水条件下的变化趋势(英文)

[目的]为了探讨杂交稻叶片衰老的表现型,为水稻抗早衰栽培技术和抗早衰新品种选育提供依据。[方法]本文选用6个杂交稻组合,在抽穗后常规水分管理和限水条件下,研究根系活力、叶片氮素含量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性动态及其对水分亏缺的响应。[结果]不同杂交稻品种的根系伤流强度、叶片氮素含量、叶绿素含量和净光合速率的衰减节律有明显差异,表现在衰减的起始时间、频率和衰减量。不同组合各生理指标对水分亏缺的响应不完全一致。叶绿素含量衰减率与根系活力和叶片氮含量衰减率呈极显著正相关关系;净光合速率与叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关关系。SOD、CAT和POD活性动态不同,不同组合对水分亏缺的响应不同。叶绿素含量、叶片氮素含量的变化动态与SOD和CAT活性呈极显著正相关关系;叶绿素含量、叶片氮素含量的变化动态与丙二醛(MDA)含量呈极显著负相关关系。不同杂交稻组合叶片生理指标的衰减节律及其对水分亏缺响应存在基因型差异;提高根系活力和叶片抗氧化保护酶活性,利于延缓叶片氮素含量和叶绿素含量的衰减、维持叶片较高的光合功能。[结论]水稻的抗衰老特性是基因型差异及其各项生理机能对环境应答结果。     

烟叶成熟过程相关基因变化及其叶绿素降解

烤烟叶片成熟过程与衰老是烟草发育的重要阶段,是一个复杂和高度调控的过程,涉及衰老相关基因的调控表达和叶绿体的分解,也是烟草质量和品质形成的关键时期,因此其成为烟草生产和研究的重要时段。介绍了烟叶衰老过程相关基因的表达变化和叶绿素分解的过程,为从分子水平定义烟叶的成熟度提供理论依据。     

维生素C与甘氨酸甜菜碱对芍药花瓣衰老生理的调节作用

在芍药"大富贵"品种蕾期,以一定浓度(100mg/L)的维生素C(VC)和不同浓度(60、120、200mg/L)的甘氨酸甜菜碱(GB)混合液对其进行整株喷雾处理,测定了整个花期花瓣中一些与衰老相关的生理生化变化。结果表明:VC与不同浓度的GB混合液处理均提高了花瓣超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化物酶(POD)的活力,降低了丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧阴离子(O2.)产生速率和花瓣浸出液的相对电导率(REC),其中以VC 100mg/L+GB 120mg/L处理效果最好。     

Application of low intensity light pulses to delay postharvest senescence of Ocimum basilicum leaves

Fresh basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a highly perishable leafy green vegetable with a storage life of 4–5 d at room temperature. Exposure of basil leaves to temperatures below 12 °C during storage results in chilling injury; therefore, refrigeration cannot be used to extend postharvest life of basil. Typically, leafy vegetables are stored in darkness or extremely low irradiance. Darkness is known to induce senescence, and the initial phase of senescence is reversible by exposure to light. In this work, we studied the effects of low-intensity white light pulses at room temperature on postharvest senescence of basil leaves. Daily exposure for 2 h to 30–37 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ of light was effective to delay postharvest senescence of basil leaves. Chlorophyll and protein levels decreased, ammonium accumulated and leaves developed visual symptoms of deterioration (darkening) during storage in darkness. Light pulses reduced the intensity of these senescence symptoms. The photosynthesis light compensation point of basil leaves was 50 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ i.e., higher than the intensity used in this study, and the effect of treatment with red light was the same as with white light, while far red light was ineffective. Light pulses exerted a local effect on chlorophyll loss, but the effect on protein degradation was systemic (i.e., spreading beyond the illuminated parts of the leaf blade). The results of this study indicate that daily treatment for 2 h with low intensity light (30–37 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ every day) during storage at 20 °C is an effective treatment to delay postharvest senescence of basil leaves. The delay of postharvest senescence by low intensity light pulses seems to be mediated by phytochromes, and it is systemic for protein, and partially systemic for chlorophyll degradation.     

Ethylene

Abstract

Ethylene is a simple gaseous hormone that is involved in many aspects of plant growth and development. Two physiological responses that are commonly controlled by ethylene, fruit ripening and flower senescence, have been given the most significant attention in terms of crop improvement using the tools of modern plant molecular biology and biotechnology. Fortunately, the wealth of research on ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathway has been providing tools for the genetic control of ethylene effects. Today, manipulation of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling is one of the most promising approaches to improve crops through genetic engineering. In this review we will discuss current status and future directions of transgenic techniques to control ethylene effects with a primary focus on flower senescence.