Back to Nukunuku: Employment,identity and return migration in Tonga

Abstract: Return migration has escaped significant analysis in the Pacific island region. Both migration from and return migration to the Tongan village of Nukunuku are for multiple reasons, with migration centred on employment and education, and return centred on the social context of home and duty. Return is limited, with intentions not being matched with practice, and the village and national population not growing. However, return migrants acquire skills, capital and experience overseas, which can be transferred into a Tongan cultural context, although identities have changed during migration. Return migrants typically take up employment or acquire businesses on return, gain some social status from the outcome, and are neither failures nor retirees. Nonetheless, return engenders expectations and tensions exist between returnees and more established residents, although ultimately, return migrants contribute to household, local and national development, as part of an unfinished process.     

An Ethical Assessment of Cisgenesis in Breeding Late Blight Resistant Potato

Because of objections and worries related to genetically modified organisms (GMOs), the approval of GMO crops is a long and expensive process. Recently some researchers argued that a specific form of genetic modification, cisgenesis, would be safer and ethically more acceptable and therefore require a less stringent assessment. In this paper cisgenesis, as defined in recent literature, is ethically evaluated. After some general remarks on ethics in science and technology, two different basic attitudes towards reality are sketched as an evaluative framework for interventions in nature. Combined with general characteristics of biotechnology in agriculture and a view of the role of genetic information in organisms, that framework helps to formulate an ethical distinction between and evaluation of cisgenesis and transgenesis. It is argued that there is a significant ethical difference between transgenesis and cisgenesis, but that nevertheless any form of genetic modification should be integrated in a broader normative understanding of agriculture in order to work towards a more sustainable agriculture.

非平衡群体基因变异Shannon信息量的测量方法

在 Shannon信息量的基础上 ,对非平衡群体建立了群体基因型相对信息量S′( G) ,纯合体相对信息量 S′J( G)和杂合体相对信息量 S′H( G)的概念 ,并赋予遗传学意义。与基因一致度 J和基因多样度 D的理论比较表明 ,二者在数量规律上有很好的一致性 ,但又是相对独立的指标体系 ,且相对信息量还有新的内涵。 S′( G)既能表征基因变异 ,又能反映基因型水平上的遗传变异 ,S′J( G)主要反映纯合体的遗传变异 ,S′H( G)主要反映杂合体的遗传变异。各相对信息量既可反映群体的遗传变异程度 ,又能比较不同位点间的遗传变异程度     

A comparison of methods to estimate genomic relationships using pedigree and markers in livestock populations

Accurate prediction of breeding values depends on capturing the variability in genome sharing of relatives with the same pedigree relationship. Here, we compare two approaches to set up genomic relationship matrices for precision of genomic relationships (GR) and accuracy of estimated breeding values (GEBV). Real and simulated data (pigs, 60k SNP) were analysed, and GR were estimated using two approaches: (i) identity by state, corrected with either the observed ( G _{VR ‐O} ) or the base population ( G _{VR ‐B} ) allele frequencies and (ii) identity by descent using linkage analysis ( G _{IBD ‐L} ). Estimators were evaluated for precision and empirical bias with respect to true pedigree IBD GR. All three estimators had very low bias. G _{IBD ‐L} displayed the lowest sampling error and the highest correlation with true genome‐shared values. G _{VR ‐B} approximated G _{IBD ‐L} 's correlation and had lower error than G _{VR ‐O} . Accuracy of GEBV for selection candidates was significantly higher when G _{IBD ‐L} was used and identical between G _{VR ‐O} and G _{VR ‐B} . In real data, G _{IBD ‐L} 's sampling standard deviation was the closest to the theoretical value for each pedigree relationship. Use of pedigree to calculate GR improved the precision of estimates and the accuracy of GEBV.     

守望、妥协还是遗忘？——从白先勇的《安乐乡的一日》探析身份认同

短篇小说《安乐乡的一日》通过一个华人家庭在美国的生活表现了华人所负载的中国文化与美国文化之间的冲突和斗争。在美国的主流文化中,脱离中华母体文化的华裔已经被边缘化为“他者”。他们既无法得到移民国家（本文指美国）的认同,又由于时空的疏离而与祖国有着隔膜的尴尬状态。因而,对于身份的焦虑、对于文化身份的追问与认同渐渐地成为海外华文文学描写和深层挖掘的主题。笔者从小说中的人物形象分析入手来探析华裔的身份认同问题。     

城管的自我认知现状及对策研究——以武汉市为例

指出了城管的自我认知对于提高城管的职业价值感、提高工作的热情和主动性有重要的影响作用,通过对自身职业认同感的认知、对执法方式的认知,及对目前社会处境的认知分析来了解城管自我认知的现状,并为如何改善提高城管自我认知能力提供了建议。     

猪肺炎支原体P46基因的克隆及序列分析

根据GenBank中登录的猪肺炎支原体J株P46基因序列设计一对引物,扩增得到P46全基因序列,将克隆得到的P46基因片段克隆至pEasy-T载体中进行测定.将SC株P46基因与232株、J株、7448株及168株进行比对,结果表明SC株与这些株同源性分别为99.9%、99.6%、99.2%、99.0%.     

两个马铃薯Y病毒黑龙江马铃薯分离物株系鉴定

为明确分离自黑龙江省克山县马铃薯上的2个病毒分离物KS4和KS7的分类地位,通过RTPCR扩增、克隆获得其基因组序列,利用重组分析程序包和最大似然法分别进行重组分析和系统发育分析。结果显示,分离物KS4和KS7的开放阅读框均有9 186个核苷酸,编码3 061个氨基酸,分离物KS4的核苷酸和氨基酸序列均与马铃薯Y病毒(potato virus Y,PVY)分离物Mb112一致率最高,分别为96.9%和98.4%;分离物KS7的核苷酸序列与PVY分离物12-94一致率最高,为97.4%,其氨基酸序列与PVY分离物SYR-Ⅱ-Be1一致率最高,为97.8%。重组分析表明,分离物KS4和KS7均为分离物N-605和Oz的重组体,其中KS4基因组5′-端的2 392个核苷酸来自分离物N-605,其余核苷酸来自分离物Oz;KS7基因组的第800～2 227个核苷酸和第5 637～8 950个核苷酸来自分离物N-605,其余核苷酸来自分离物Oz。系统发育分析发现,分离物KS4被聚类到N:O株系(PVY~(N:O)),分离物KS7被聚类到NTN株系(PVY~(NTN))b型。     

论运动休闲娱乐与文化认同

在人类文明历史进程中，文化的形成与发展对人类自身的发展至关重要。不同地理位置和自然环境造就了人类文化的多 样性，文化传播使得不同民族与国家的人们可以分享人类灿烂文化的共同成果。运动休闲、娱乐在不同民族与国家之间存在很 大差异，但由于它所具有的娱乐性、游戏性、健康性的特点，使得运动休闲方式乃至运动休闲文化的传播变得更加频繁和广阔 。这期间，文化认同是运动休闲娱乐跨文化传播河发展的前提和基础。     

侵染红肉火龙果的蟹爪兰X病毒贵州分离物基因组分析

 通过高通量测序和RT-PCR扩增,克隆并分析蟹爪兰X病毒(Zygocactus virus X,ZyVX)贵州分离物ZyVX-GZ基因组序列。对表现病毒病症状的红肉火龙果植株进行高通量测序,获得4条ZyVX相关contig。RT-PCR扩增并拼接获得ZyVX-GZ基因组,全长为 6 567 nt,5′-UTR和 3′-UTR分别为60 nt和70 nt。含有5个ORF,分别编码复制酶蛋白、TGB1、TGB2、TGB3蛋白和外壳蛋白。ZyVX-GZ与P39和B1分离物基因组序列一致性均为91%。TGB1-3、外壳蛋白基因与大多数分离物核苷酸和推导的氨基酸序列一致性分别为95%～99%和96%～100%;复制酶基因的核苷酸和推导的氨基酸序列一致性分别为80%～89%和92%～97%。系统进化分析表明,ZyVX群体的遗传分化与寄主种类、地理分布不存在相关性。本研究结果丰富了ZyVX群体的基因组序列信息,为ZyVX的监测和防控提供了基础。