乳山近海渔业资源种类组成及变化

根据2013—2015年乳山近海拖网渔船的渔捞日志,分析了乳山近海的单位捕捞努力量渔获量、渔获种类组成及生物多样性等特征。结果表明:(1)乳山近海渔获物共有36种,隶属于19目28科33属。其中鱼类有26种,虾蟹类4种,头足类4种,水母类1种,贝类1种。(2)2013—2015年全年优势种差异明显。其中,蓝点马鲛3年均为优势种,鳀鱼是2014年和2015年优势种,网纹狮子鱼为2013年和2015年的优势种。(3)乳山近海渔获物主要集中在休渔期前后的4—5月、9—11月,渔业生产存在明显的春汛和秋汛。2013—2015年乳山近海单位捕捞努力量渔获量逐年增加,但与历史单位捕捞努力量渔获量相比还是存在明显下降;多样性指数和均匀度指数变化趋势一致,多样性指数和丰富度指数较高值出现在秋季;春汛和秋汛期间,渔业资源种属组成及群落结构相似性较高。     

基于Stella的江苏近海海域生态足迹模拟分析

为了量化人类活动对海洋渔业资源可持续利用干扰的程度,本研究基于渔业生态足迹的算法,对江苏近海1978―2014年的生态足迹进行计算,研究江苏省的渔业生态现状。在此基础上,依据系统动力学(System Dynamics,SD)原理,嵌入营养动态模式,构建了江苏近海海域渔业生态足迹SD模型。利用2006―2014年的历史渔业数据验证该模型是可行的,并运用模型预测了不同捕捞强度下江苏近海渔业生态系统的发展模式。结果表明:1978―2014年江苏近海渔业生态足迹由2.41×10~6 hm~2增长到6.61×10~6 hm~2,平均值为5.38×10~6 hm~2,已经高于生态承载力3.45×10~6 hm~2,约为承载力的1.5倍,表明江苏近海海域渔业生态资源已处于不可持续的发展状态中;根据模型仿真分析,如果进一步加强捕捞强度,渔业生态足迹会急剧下降,最终趋于0值,且随着加强程度的增大,生态足迹下降越快,趋于0值的时间也越短;根据海洋渔获量阈值的计算结果,需要在目前捕捞强度基础上降低约50%,渔业生态足迹才能回升,生态赤字也能平稳降低,从而防止渔业生态系统崩溃。该研究结果可为江苏省可持续发展决策提供有益参考,也可用于江苏近海海域生态效应的预警。     

基于耳石微化学分析的福建水域刀鲚生境履历研究

利用X射线电子探针微区分析技术(electron probe micro-analysis, EPMA),首次对福建(福州、宁德)沿岸海域采集到的3尾刀鲚(Coilia nasus)进行矢耳石的锶(Sr)和钙(Ca)微化学特征分析,重建其生活史。结果显示,这3尾刀鲚耳石核心区的Sr/Ca值均小于3,且耳石面分析显示核心区均为蓝色,表明它们都属于淡水产卵和淡水孵化;其中,福州海域的1尾刀鲚早期生活史对淡水依赖时间较长,而宁德海域的2尾刀鲚对淡水依赖时间较短。根据耳石从核心到边缘的Sr/Ca值变化线分析及过核心截面Sr含量面分析可以确定,3尾刀鲚均为典型的溯河洄游生态类型;其中,福州海域1尾刀鲚呈现淡水–半咸水型的生境履历,而宁德海域2尾刀鲚呈现淡水–半咸水–海水型的生境履历。本研究首次利用耳石微化学分析技术揭示了福建水域刀鲚生活史和生境履历存在多样性,也证实了宁德三沙湾外海域和闽江口外沿岸海域尚存溯河洄游型刀鲚。本研究为进一步开展福建沿岸水域刀鲚的关键栖息地研究及其资源管理和保护提供了宝贵的基础信息。     

Detritus accumulation and decomposition in a coastal lake (Acquatina–southern Italy)

• 1. Knowledge about processes and dynamics underlying organic matter accumulation in transitional waters is crucial for the protection of these ecologically important coastal habitats. This study investigated the relationship between large particle accumulation and decomposition in a coastal lake included in a Site of Community Interest (SCI) using sediment trap and litterbag techniques.
• 2. Two sets of sediment traps were deployed at five sites along the longitudinal axis of the lake. One set was emptied once a month for 12 months, and the other twice a year. The contents of the monthly and the 6‐monthly traps and the superficial sediments were then compared to estimate the organic matter accumulation and loss. To determine the mass loss rate of the three major allochthonous sources of detritus (the reed Phragmites australis, the cordgrass Spartina juncea, and the seagrass Posidonia oceanica), litterbags were placed near the sediment traps at three out of the five sites at the beginning of each 6‐month period and retrieved monthly.
• 3. The amount of annual particulate organic matter (POM) deposition in the traps was 1320.2±58.5 g m^?2 y^?1 and consisted of 25% large particles (CPOM). Allochthonous litter comprised an important fraction of CPOM, and its breakdown rate changed with the plant species, site and season. Loss rate of CPOM accumulated at the lake bottom was significantly related with the mass loss rate of reed and cordgrass litter, but not with that of seagrass.
• 4. Due to slow litter breakdown and tidal landward advection, the lake acted as a sediment trap for allochthonous matter, especially from Posidonia. The important role of marine‐derived litter in organic matter sedimentation suggests addressing conservation strategies of the lake functioning towards the selective control of allochthonous CPOM inputs, in particular at the mouth where the incoming tide brings suspended material and salinity decelerates matter flow to the sea and decomposition. This study supports the hypothesis that sedimentation and decomposition dynamics are important factors for coastal lake evolution, and shows litterbag and sediment trap techniques as simple useful investigation tools in management strategies aiming at conserving transitional waters.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Macroinvertebrate frequency data for the RIVPACS III sites in Northern Ireland and some comparisons with equivalent data for Great Britain

1. A total of 313 macroinvertebrate taxa were recorded from the 70 running‐water sites in the R iver I nV ertebrate P rediction A nd C lassification S ystem (RIVPACS III) dataset for Northern Ireland, after the application of a standardization procedure to ensure that all samples were identified to the same taxonomic level. The listing includes a small number of oligochaetes not previously reported from Ireland. The frequency of occurrence of the 313 taxa within the Northern Ireland dataset is also presented. 2. The taxonomic composition and frequency of occurrence of taxa in the Northern Ireland dataset were then compared with the 614 site dataset for Great Britain, which included 637 taxa, and a 75 site subset within Britain at a similar latitude to Northern Ireland with 333 taxa. 3. The macroinvertebrate fauna of Northern Ireland is dominated by taxa recorded at the highest frequencies of occurrence in Britain. Some notable absences are highlighted and, in particular, a small number of lotic mayflies and stoneflies which are common in Great Britain. There is documentary evidence of the introduction by man of a number of non‐insect taxa, either deliberately or by accident. 4. A detailed knowledge of the present composition of the macroinvertebrate fauna of running‐water sites in Northern Ireland, and an active research programme on the potential for new colonists to pose a threat to native species, are important factors in the future conservation of the freshwater fauna. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于耳石微元素的浙江南部近海银姑鱼生境履历重建

浙江南部近海是我国重要的渔场水域,银姑鱼是该海域中常见的经济鱼类。为了探究银姑鱼在个体发育过程中栖息环境的变化史,本研究基于调查海域采集的银姑鱼耳石样品,运用ICP-MS测定耳石微结构的Sr、Ca等微量元素,通过分析Sr/Ca比值研究银姑鱼的栖息环境变动,结果表明浙江南部近海的银姑鱼Sr/Ca比值变化范围在3.39×10-3-8.12×10-3之间,存在咸淡水定居型和咸淡水-海水混合型两种生境类型,另外Sr元素也被证实能较好地示踪鱼类的生境履历。     

达里诺尔湖和岗更湖瓦氏雅罗鱼同工酶的研究

瓦氏雅罗鱼是一种耐盐碱性很强的鱼类,本文采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法(PAGE)比较研究了淡水水域（岗更湖）和盐碱水水域（达里诺尔湖）中瓦氏雅罗鱼的同工酶,旨在明确瓦氏雅罗鱼在盐碱水域和淡水水域中同工酶的不同,为瓦氏雅罗鱼的耐盐碱机理做基础研究,同时也为瓦氏雅罗鱼在内陆水域的引种与放流提供科学的指导依据。通过比较研究达里诺尔湖和岗根湖的瓦氏雅罗鱼(Leuciscus waleckii)骨骼肌、肝脏、心肌组织中过氧化物酶(POD)、酯酶(EST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)的差异,得出结果：两湖中瓦氏雅罗鱼的同工酶表达具有差异性,其中EST图谱的差异最大,LDH、POD的图谱也存在差异性,而MDH图谱差异不显著。试验表明,两湖中瓦氏雅罗鱼的过氧化物酶(POD)、酯酶(EST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶存在差异性,而苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)的差异不显著。     

山东近海口虾蛄单位补充量渔获量评估

为完善口虾蛄的基础生物学资料,并为口虾蛄资源的管理提供科学指导和理论依据,本研究根据2016至2017年山东近海渔业资源底拖网调查获得的口虾蛄体长、体质量数据,估算了口虾蛄的生长、死亡参数,构建了基于体长结构的单位补充量渔获量(YPR)模型,研究口虾蛄的资源动态和管理策略。采集调查口虾蛄样品共5028尾,体长—体质量关系的表达式为W=0.0145L2.88,为负异速生长;使用ELEFAN方法估算出口虾蛄的渐进体长L∞为19.87 cm,生长速率K为0.62 a−1。口虾蛄的生长表现出明显的季节性变化规律,生长参数的季节振幅C为0.76,10月份生长最快,4月份生长最慢。通过体长转换的渔获曲线估算出口虾蛄的总死亡系数Z为3.24 a−1,根据不同方法估算自然死亡系数M的范围为0.75~1.27 a−1,捕捞死亡系数F的估算范围为1.96~2.49 a−1,开发率的均值为0.67。YPR模型结果显示,随着F增大,YPR值呈现先上升后下降的趋势,生物学参考点F0.1和Fmax的值分别为0.92a−1和1.88a−1。口虾蛄资源处于过度开发的状态,应降低捕捞压力,同时调整开捕体长,以维持口虾蛄渔业资源量和渔获量。     

Habitat use and movement patterns of small (age‐0) juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) relative to the Kuroshio

The habitat use of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis; PBF) in nursery waters off the southern coast of Japan was investigated using archival tags over a 3 year study period (2012–2015), and the data were used to examine the free‐ranging habitat preferences of PBF and the relationship between their horizontal movements and the path of the Kuroshio off the Pacific coast of Japan. The path of the Kuroshio fluctuated seasonally, leading to changes in water temperature that strongly influenced the habitat use of small PBF (2–3 months after hatching). Most PBF were present in coastal waters inshore of the path of the current, and their habitat use changed in response to the distance of the current from the coast. The Kuroshio typically flowed along the coast from summer to autumn, and PBF remained in the coastal waters off Kochi Prefecture during this period. In contrast, PBF quickly moved eastward in winter when the current moved away from the coast. Throughout the winter and spring, the area of habitat use extended widely from the eastern end of the southern coast of Japan (the Boso Peninsula) to the offshore Kuroshio‐Oyashio transition region. These findings suggest that the seasonal habitat use and movement behavior of juvenile PBF are influenced by the distance of the Kuroshio axis from the coast, and the ultimate drivers are likely variations in oceanographic conditions and prey availability along the southern coast of Japan.     

基于线粒体COⅠ基因的中国近海棱鳀属鱼类DNA条形码

为明确中国大陆近海棱鳀属鱼类的分类地位,采用国际通用的COⅠ基因5'端652bp序列作为DNA条形码,对中国近海棱鳀属全部6种鱼类62尾标本进行鉴定分析。结果发现,所分析样品的序列碱基组成为T:29.0%,C:26.3%,A:25.3%,G:19.4%,A+T含量(54.3%)高于G+C含量(45.7%),转换/颠换率为3.76。6种棱鳀属鱼类组成5个自展支持率为100%的分支,除黄吻棱鳀和中颌棱鳀各为单系但聚合为一支外,其余4种均独立成支;分支内与分支间平均遗传距离分别为0.2%(0.0%~0.4%)和17.7%(15.7%~19.0%)。赤鼻棱鳀、汉氏棱鳀、杜氏棱鳀和长颌棱鳀均符合Hebert提出的种间遗传距离(15.7%~18.6%)大于或等于10倍种内遗传距离(0.0%~0.3%)的标准,确定了它们的物种有效性。黄吻棱鳀和中颌棱鳀的种内遗传距离皆为0.1%,与其他4种棱鳀的种内遗传距离处于同一水平;但二者种间遗传距离仅为0.6%,明显低于其他物种间的种间遗传距离,属于一般物种的种内遗传距离范围,表明二者亲缘关系很近;由于外部形态存在一定的差异,且在分子系统树上各为单系,二者可作为同一物种的2个不同亚种处理,但也不排除是2个近期分化形成物种的可能,在资源管理上应作为2个不同的进化显著单位分别加以管理。