Ecosystem structure and functioning of Lake Taihu (China) and the impacts of fishing

Lake Taihu is the third largest freshwater lake in China and has provided local communities with valuable fisheries for centuries. However, we have only a limited knowledge of its ecosystem. In this study, a trophic model was constructed for the Lake Taihu ecosystem. This model was used to evaluate and analyze the food web structure and other properties of this ecosystem using data covering the period from 1991 to 1995. Using the model, we evaluated the impacts on local fisheries of various management scenarios comprising two basic management regimes: (1) setting fishing mortality for the top predator (large culters, Erythroculter mongolicus and Erythroculter ilishaeformis) to 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2, and (2) adjusting overall fishing effort to 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.25 times the current level. For both scenarios, fishery profit and cost were evaluated to provide an understanding of how components of the ecosystem interact. We identified possible causes of fishery overexploitation in the lake ecosystem and described the necessity of developing ecosystem-based management. The results showed that Lake Taihu had six theoretical trophic levels (TLs), with the trophic flows primarily occurring through the first five TLs. System properties such as transfer efficiency, Finn's index, Finn's mean length, connectance index, system omnivory index, primary production/respiration ratio, and net primary production all indicated that Lake Taihu was an immature, fairly simple ecosystem in which a relatively low fraction of total primary production was utilized. At the same time, the ecosystem was also experiencing high fishing pressure. Yet despite this, the low ascendency index (25.9%) and high system overhead ratio (74.1%) indicated that the system was highly developed and relatively stable, a condition that might result from the high degree of recycling in the system. Among the harvesting strategies considered, a strategy of either decreasing the fishing mortality of the top predator (large culters) to 0.3 or, alternatively, reducing the overall effort on the system by a factor of 0.75 appeared to be most effective at increasing the efficiency of the fisheries.     

直接式太阳能干燥系统的热性能分析及应用

针对直接式太阳能干燥系统在实际应用过程中会存在干燥物料表面温度过高导致品质低下的问题,该文自行设计搭建一种直接式太阳能干燥系统,以红薯为干燥对象对该系统进行试验分析;同时在综合考虑室外气象参数、干燥物料热物性、搭建系统特性的基础上,基于能量平衡原理建立系统热性能动态数学模型,利用MATLAB2014a进行编程求解出干燥物料表面温度,将干燥物料表面温度的试验值与模拟值进行相关性分析,并对设计搭建的直接式太阳能干燥系统的应用进行分析。研究结果表明:物料表面温度的试验值与模拟值之间的决定系数为0.98,均方根误差为1,说明建立的系统动态热性能数学模型能够较准确的预测室内干燥物料表面温度,对防止物料表面温度过高导致物料干燥品质下降具有重要意义;直接式太阳能干燥系统的平均干燥速率比开放式太阳能干燥系统高7.7 g/h,干燥系统所获得的总热能量为3.92 k W?h,其平均太阳能热利用效率为21.23%。     

外源La(Ⅲ)和Si对水稻幼苗植硅体固镧能力的影响

为研究环境中稀土元素(REEs)和硅(Si)对植物植硅体固镧能力(PLSA)的影响,以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)为代表,通过设置不同浓度镧[La(Ⅲ)]和Si正交实验,利用微波消解法提取根、茎和叶植硅体,以电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱和实时荧光定量PCR等实验手段揭示环境La(Ⅲ)对水稻各器官PLSA的影响。结果显示,低浓度La(Ⅲ)使叶哑铃型植硅体大小和根Lsi1表达增加,促进叶和根PLSA,而高浓度La(Ⅲ)会减少叶哑铃型植硅体大小,降低根Lsi1和Lsi2表达,抑制根、茎和叶PLSA。外源La(Ⅲ)是提高根、茎和叶植硅体镧固定效率的重要因素。与单一La(Ⅲ)浓度影响相比,La(Ⅲ)与Si的复合处理显著促进叶和茎PLSA,外源Si能够缓解高浓度La(Ⅲ)对根、茎和叶PLSA的抑制作用。研究证明不同浓度的外源La(Ⅲ)和Si能够改变水稻不同器官的PLSA。     

草鱼野生与选育群体遗传变异微卫星分析

为探究经过2个选育世代后选育群体遗传多样性和遗传结构的变化,实验采用多重PCR技术对4个野生草鱼群体(邗江、九江、石首、吴江)和2个选育群体(F1和F2)进行了微卫星序列遗传变异分析。结果显示,6个草鱼群体遗传多样性水平较高,2个选育群体除了平均等位基因数外,其他遗传多样性参数均小于4个野生群体。哈迪—温伯格平衡(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)检测显示,在120个群体—位点组合中有62个位点显著偏离哈迪—温伯格平衡,62个群体—位点组合中只有11个组合其近交系数值为负值,其余的51个组合的Fis均为正值。6个草鱼群体AMOVA分析结果显示,3.75%的变异来自于群体间,96.25%的变异来自于群体内,整体的遗传分化指数值为0.038。进一步分析各个群体间Fst,只有石首群体与F1、F2群体之间的Fst大于0.05,处于中等分化,其余群体间分化程度较低,且F2群体与4个野生群体之间Fst比F1群体与4个野生群体之间的Fst大。奈氏标准遗传距离分析结果显示,2个选育群体与野生群体之间的遗传距离大于野生群体之间的遗传距离。基于Dn建立的UPGMA系统发育树得出了相同的结果,即2个选育群体与野生群体之间的亲缘关系比4个野生群体之间的亲缘关系要远。研究表明,经过2个世代选育后,相比4个野生群体,2个选育群体遗传多样性虽有部分下降,但仍处于较高的水平,2个选育群体的遗传结构已发生变化,但其遗传分化程度尚不明显。本研究结果为制定出更加完善有效的选育方案提供了重要参考。     

Preparing fluorescent wool/acrylic blends with a hemicyanine reactive cationic dye

Wool/acrylic blends were dyed with a hemicyanine reactive cationic dye, Dye 1, to prepare the fluorescent wool/acrylic blends in this article. The study initially focuses on the optical properties of Dye 1, followed by dyeing properties of Dye 1, then ended with fluorescent properties of the dyed wool/acrylic blends. The results show that the exhaustion, fixation, and fastness to washing and rubbing of Dye 1 on wool, acrylic, and wool/acrylic blend were good throughout. The dyed wool/acrylic blends can emit obvious fluorescence. In addition, according to the EN-1150 standard (1999), the chromaticity of dyed wool/acrylic blends meet the requirements of fluorescent pink when the dye concentrations are suitable.     

湖羊羔皮候选基因在不同花纹间的表达与毛囊发育特性关联的研究

【目的】研究5个候选基因在不同花纹组间的表达量与毛囊各指标的相关性,进一步了解候选基因与毛囊发育特性间的关联,筛选用于后期功能验证的基因。【方法】利用荧光定量PCR技术检测5个基因在不同组别间的表达量,结合组织学与显微观测技术,分析5个基因与毛囊发育间的关联。【结果】湖羊毛囊成群分布,湖羊大花、小花、中花多以3毛囊群居多,直径较大的为中心初级毛囊,直径相对较小的为侧部初级毛囊。湖羊大花与中花、小花初级毛囊直径呈极显著差异（P＜0.01）,小花与中花初级毛囊直径差异不显著（P＞0.05）。中花次级毛囊直径与大花、小花次级毛囊直径呈极显著差异（P＜0.01）,但小花次级毛囊直径与大花次级毛囊直径差异不显著（P＞0.05）。初级毛囊数大花、中花、小花间差异均不显著（P＞0.05）,但相同视野中大花初级毛囊数多于中花、小花。中花次级毛囊数与大花、小花次级毛囊数呈极显著差异（P＜0.01）,但大花、小花次级毛囊数差异不显著（P＞0.05）;MMP2基因在中花皮肤组织中的表达量与大花、小花分别呈极显著差异（P＜0.01）,在大花皮肤组织中的表达量与小花差异不显著（P＞0.05）;BMP7基因在大花皮肤组织中的表达量与小花呈显著差异（P ＜0.05）,在中花皮肤组织中的表达量与大花、小花分别差异不显著（P＞0.05）;SFXN1基因在小花皮肤中的表达量与大花、中花分别呈显著差异（P＜0.05）,在大花皮肤组织中的表达量与中花差异不显著（P＞0.05）。其余基因在3组个体间差异不显著;MMP2基因相对表达量与大花次级毛囊数呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。BMP7基因相对表达量与小花初级毛囊直径呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,与小花次级毛囊数呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,与中花初级毛囊直径、次级毛囊数呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）;SFXN1基因相对表达量与大花初级毛囊呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）,与小花初级毛囊直径、小花次级毛囊直径分别呈显著正相关及极显著正相关,与中花初级毛囊直径呈极显著负相关。在BMP7基因表达量相同情况下,小花初级毛囊直径比中花初级毛囊直径大,小花次级毛囊数比中花次级毛囊数多,这与切片结果相符。MMP2基因在表达量相同情况下大花毛囊数多于小花,中花最少,这与切片结果一致。此外,在SFXN1基因表达量相同情况下,小花毛囊直径最大,大花次之,中花最小,这虽与切片结果不相符,但大花、小花次级毛囊数相差很小,总体来说趋势相同,结果基本相符。其余基因虽与毛囊相关指标存在关联,但在大中小花组表达差异不显著,【结论】BMP7、MMP2、SFXN1三个基因可作为湖羊早期羔皮选育的重要候选基因。     

太湖银鱼和主要鱼类渔获量间的相关分析

根据太湖1973-2002年连续30年的鱼类渔获量统计资料,研究了太湖银鱼和主要鱼类渔获量间的相关关系.并根据2004-2005年的食性调查初步结果对相互关系的机制进行了分析.简单相关分析表明,太湖银鱼和鲌鱼、鲢鳙鱼渔获量间的正相关关系均达到极显著水平;偏相关分析表明,太湖银鱼和鲌鱼渔获量间的正相关关系达到极显著水平,和其它鱼类渔获量间的正相关关系达到显著水平,和鲢鳙鱼渔获量间的正相关关系虽然没有达到显著水平,但有一致趋势;简单相关和偏相关分析均表明,太湖银鱼和和鲚鱼渔获量间的相关关系均没有达到显著水平.分析认为:太湖银鱼渔获量的变化除受捕捞强度及环境理化等因素影响外,鲌鱼通过捕食调节,可能降低了鲚鱼和银鱼的食物竞争强度,从而有利银鱼增加;鲢、鳙鱼通过和鲚鱼的食物竞争,从而间接促进了银鱼种群数量发展.     

Investigation of a-PVA/s-PVA hydrogels prepared by freezing-thawing method

The hydrogels of atactic poly (vinyl alcohol) (a-PVA) and syndiotactic poly (vinyl alcohol) (s-PVA) with different blend ratios were prepared by freezing-thawing processes. The effect of s-PVA on gelation behavior of the blend was investigated in terms of gelation temperature (T _gel) and hydrogel melting temperature (T _gm). And swelling behavior, crystallization, thermal properties, morphology of the blend hydrogels were also studied. With the increase of s-PVA, T _gel of the blend solution and T _gm of the blend hydrogels increase. Both crystallinity and crystallite dimensions based on the XRD profiles are nearly monotonically increasing functions of s-PVA content. FTIR results indicate the number of hydrogen bonds raises with s-PVA increasing. DSC results demonstrate s-PVA favors improvement of hydrogels thermal stability. According to SEM images of hydrogels, the increase of cross-linking caused by s-PVA in the blend hydrogels results in denser structure, which in turn leads to increased gel fraction (G) and Hardness. 50/50 (a-PVA/s-PVA) blend hydrogel has a denser structure with EWC of 73.6 %, hardness of 22.8 HA and T _m of 236.15 °C. The result indicates blending a-PVA and s-PVA is a useful method to form the hydrogel having good thermal stability and relative high degree of swelling.     

苏州市雨水利用规划研究

结合苏州市的自然地理环境,介绍了其水资源现状,以及苏州市的雨水收集体系及其水质,以工业园区的青少年活动中心、工业园区中新生态馆、苏州农校、金阊区蔬菜园艺场为例,考察了苏州市的雨水利用现状,并且阐释了苏州市雨水利用的法律法规保障。在此基础上探讨苏州市雨水利用规划,分析了广场雨水利用规划,市政道路雨水利用项目,住宅小区、公用建筑、生态公园雨水利用项目,滨河、滨湖带的补充景观水的利用实施方案,以及生态农地建设。以期通过逐步推行雨水利用制度,逐年减少雨洪对苏州市的威胁,削减雨水污染负荷,改善苏州市水体环境,进一步缓解对优质水资源的需求压力。     

水稻不同生育期对硒的吸收、转运及累积规律

采用大田试验,研究土壤施用含硒肥料后水稻中硒的积累和分布的动态变化。结果表明:在水稻不同器官中硒的积累量与含硒肥料施用量呈正相关,相关系数达到0.98以上。水稻成熟期,硒施用量30 kg/hm2和120 kg/hm2处理全株硒浓度分别比对照处理提高了98.9%和313.7%。不同生育期,水稻各个器官中硒含量及累积量不同,水稻硒的生物富集高峰期表现在孕穗期,叶与水稻穗部吸收累积硒有着密切关系。水稻成熟期整个植株中硒的累积量为茎叶精米根颖壳。在整个水稻生育期硒有一定的运转累积规律:水稻分蘖期时,硒从根、茎流向叶片;孕穗期再由叶流向茎;灌浆期又从根运转到叶和穗中;最后成熟期叶中的硒流向穗。苗期施用含硒肥料是一条提高水稻硒含量的有效农艺措施。