覆盖在立体绿化中对植物节水效益影响的研究

立体绿化是一种投资少、见效快,特别对立交桥能起到很好的绿化效果的绿化形式。但是立交桥区绿化养护困难,尤其是水分补充。通过对比实验证明使用覆盖技术可以明显的增强基质的保水能力,从而起到节水作用,同时减少人工补水工作量。从节水效率讲覆膜的高于覆盖树皮,覆盖树皮高于覆盖石子。     

Nitrogen mineralization in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch)–cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in the southern United States

Information on temporal and spatial patterns of N mineralization is critical in designing tree-crop mixed systems that could maximize N uptake while minimizing N loss. We quantified N mineralization rates in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch)–cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in northwestern Florida with (non-barrier) and without tree-crop belowground interactions (barrier separating the root systems of pecan and cotton). Monthly rates of mineralization were estimated using buried bag incubations over a 15-month period. In addition, seasonal mineralization rates and cotton lint yield on soils supplied with two sources of N—inorganic fertilizer and organic poultry litter—were assessed. Results indicated that temporal variations in net NH₄ and NO₃ accumulation and mineralization rates were driven primarily by environmental factors and to a lesser degree by initial soil NH₄ and NO₃ levels. Mineralization varied by belowground interaction treatment during the initial growing season, when the non-barrier treatment exhibited a higher mineralization rate than the barrier treatment, likely due to reduced nutrient uptake by cotton in the non-barrier or a higher degree of immobilization in the barrier treatment. Mineralization during the second growing season was similar for both treatments. Source of N had no effects on N transformation in the soil. Lint yield reductions were observed in the non-barrier treatment during both years compared to the barrier treatment, likely due to interspecific competition for water. Yield differences between treatments in the second growing season were likely compounded by a diminishing pre-study fallow effect. Source of N was found to have a significant effect on cotton yield, with inorganic fertilizer resulting in 39% higher lint compared to poultry litter in the barrier treatment.     

Belowground interactions between intercropped wheat and Brassicas in acidic and alkaline soils

Our previous studies showed that, under P-limiting conditions, growth and P uptake were lower in the wheat genotype Janz than in three Brassica genotypes when grown in monoculture. The present study was conducted to answer the question if P mobilised by the Brassicas is available to wheat; leading to improved growth of wheat when intercropped with Brassicas compared to monocropped wheat. To assess if the interactions between the crops depend on soil type, the wheat genotype Janz and three Brassica genotypes (two canolas and one mustard) were grown for 6 weeks in monoculture or wheat intercropped with each Brassica genotype in an acidic and an alkaline soil with low P availability (with two plants per pot). Wheat grew equally well in the two soils, but the Brassicas grew better in the acidic than in the alkaline soil. In the acidic soil, monocropped Brassicas had a 3 to 4 fold greater plant dry weight (dw) and P uptake than wheat; plant dw and P uptake in wheat were decreased or not affected by intercropping and increased in the Brassicas. In the alkaline soil, dw and P uptake of the Brassicas was twice as high as in wheat, with intercropping having no effect on these parameters. The contribution of wheat to the total shoot dw and P uptake per pot was 4-21% and 32-40% in acidic and alkaline soil, respectively. Mycorrhizal colonisation was low in all genotypes in the acidic soil (1-6%). In the alkaline soil, mycorrhizal colonisation of monocropped wheat was 62%, but only 43-47% in intercropped wheat. Intercropping decreased P availability in the rhizosphere of wheat in the acidic soil but had no effect on rhizosphere P availability in the alkaline soil. Intercropping had a variable effect on rhizosphere microbial community composition (assessed by fatty acid methylester analysis (FAME) and ribosomal intergenic spacer amplification (RISA)), ranging from intercropping having no effect on the rhizosphere communities to intercropping resulting in a new and similar rhizosphere community composition in both genotypes. The results of this study show that intercropping with Brassicas does not improve growth and P uptake of wheat; thus there is no indication that P mobilised by the Brassicas is available to wheat.     

不同密度华北落叶松人工林土壤理化性质研究

以河北省木兰围场国有林场管理局北沟林场内5种不同密度的华北落叶松人工林为对象,研究林分密度对土壤理化性质的影响,结果发现:林分密度不同程度地影响土壤理化性质。当株数密度为660株/hm2时,土壤的质量含水量、全N及全K含量均保持在一个相对较高的水平;当株数密度从740株/hm2增加到2 000株/hm2时,0～20cm土层的土壤密度先减小后增大,而土壤质量含水量、土壤有机质和全N含量表现出相反的趋势;20～60cm土层的土壤密度与0～20cm土层的变化情况相同,而土壤质量含水量和土壤速效K含量则持续降低,土壤有效P含量呈现出增大趋势;当株数密度达到2 000株/hm2以上时,林地土壤的pH值降低,呈现明显的酸化趋势。过大的林分密度可能导致华北落叶松人工林地土壤酸化与土壤水分、有机质、N和K元素的加速消耗。从维持林地土壤健康的角度,建议将华北落叶松人工林地的林分密度控制在1 500株/hm2左右并且不能超过2 000株/hm2。     

Growth,P uptake and rhizosphere properties of wheat and canola genotypes in an alkaline soil with low P availability

The aim of the present study was to assess the role of soil type on growth, P uptake and rhizosphere properties of wheat and canola genotypes in an alkaline soil with low P availability. Two wheat (Goldmark and Janz) and two canola genotypes (Drum and Outback) were grown in a calcareous soil (pH 8.5) at two P levels [no P addition (0P) or addition of 200 mg kg⁻¹ P as Ca₃(PO₄)₂ (200P)] and harvested at flowering or maturity. Shoot and root dry weight, root length and shoot P content were greater in the two canola genotypes than in wheat. There were no consistent differences in available P, microbial P and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of the different genotypes. Shoot P content was significantly positively correlated with root length, pH and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere. The microbial community composition, assessed by fatty acid methylester analysis, of the canola genotypes differed strongly from that of the wheat genotypes. The weight percentage bacterial fatty acids, the bacteria/fungi (b/f) ratio and the diversity of fatty acids were greater in the rhizosphere of the canolas than in the rhizosphere of the wheat genotypes. In contrast to the earlier studies in an acidic soil, only small differences in growth and P uptake between the genotypes of one crop were detected in the alkaline soil used here. The results confirmed the importance of root length for P uptake in soils with low P availability and suggest that the rhizosphere microbial community composition may play a role in the better growth of the canola compared to the wheat genotypes.     

黄土丘陵区小流域综合治理生态经济过程分析——以宁夏隆德县李太平小流域为例

 从生态经济系统分析角度出发,对小流域生态经济结构及其演变进行分析,以期评价小流域生态经济效益。对比分析了小流域生态经济系统土地利用结构及其适宜性、产业结构、消耗结构和饲料生产平衡,利用线性模型对土地利用结构进行了优化模拟,采用描述生态系统稳定性的多样性指数描述流域经济系统稳定性,并用静态和动态模型对治理经济效果进行评价。流域农、林、牧用地比例由1990年的6．2:2．0:1．0变为2003年的1．9:1．4:1．0;农业产值所占比重由79．6％下降为54．8％;林业、牧业、副业产值比例分别由9．6％、9．6％、1．1％上升为22．7％、15．1％、7．4％。收入多样性指数呈增加趋势,消耗结构趋向合理,饲料供需平衡,经济评价中各指标均显示经济效益显著,表明生态经济结构明显有利于生态经济系统的进展演变,流域生态经济结构趋于稳定,生态经济效益显著。     

基于GIS与神经网络的黄土丘陵区土壤水分模型研究

土壤水分不足是黄土高原丘陵区植被建设的主要限制因子,土壤水分的空间分布受外界气象因子、土地利用与复杂地形等的影响,关系比较复杂。本研究利用黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域的土壤水分试验资料,建立了基于GIS的BP神经网络模型,模型中同时考虑了多个因子对土壤水分空间分布的影响,利用实测资料对网络进行训练后对整个流域进行了预测,预测结果与实际情况较为一致,表明应用GIS与BP神经网络研究区域复杂地形下的土壤水分分布规律是可行的。     

北京地区降雨侵蚀力简易计算方法研究

降雨侵蚀力反映了降雨对土壤侵蚀影响的潜在能力。降雨侵蚀力经典算法所需的降雨过程资料较难获得,一般利用各种类型雨量资料建立降雨侵蚀力的简易算法,为模型的参数输入服务。利用北京10个水文站25年2 894次降雨过程资料。其中5个站点用于建立日、月、年降雨侵蚀力简易计算公式,另外五个站点用语模型检验。研究结果表明,不同类型雨量资料估算降雨侵蚀力的精度不同,用日或月雨量资料直接估算日或月降雨侵蚀力时,模型的误差较大。用日、月或年雨量估算年降雨侵蚀力时,模型的误差较小,约有一半的样本相对误差绝对值小于20%,三个模型相比,日雨量模型估算的平均相对误差最小。用日、月或年雨量估算多年平均年降雨侵蚀力时,模型的误差最小,所有样本的相对误差绝对值均小于20%,平均相对误差绝对值最小值只有0.8%,最大值也小于7%,三个模型相比,日雨量模型的估算精度最高。因此在具体应用过程中可以根据资料的占有情况来决定相应的降雨侵蚀力估算模型。本研究结果可以为北京地区土壤侵蚀量估算和水土资源评价提供参数服务。     

沙漠-绿洲系统中降雨、土壤水分与地下水位的响应特征

水分分布与运移对沙漠 绿洲区的荒漠化防治具有重要意义.该 文对内蒙古自治区境内位于库布齐沙漠和黄河之间沙漠-绿洲系统中的降雨、土壤水分和地下水位在生长季进行观测.分析结果表明,在沙漠边缘三者之间的关系明显不同于过渡带和绿洲:沙漠边缘具有土壤含水量相对较低且土层间变异较大、地下水位较深但稳定、土壤水分与地下水关系不明晰、降雨在土壤中运移快、耗散明显等特征;绿洲区三者的特征与沙漠边缘正好相反;过渡带介于二者之间,但和沙漠边缘的特征更为接近.在沙漠边缘进行植被建设防风固沙时,应充分考虑这些因素,以保证植被的成活率,并使生态系统得以健康发育.      

宁夏南部山区不同土地类型土壤养分的分布特征研究

通过对宁夏南部山区阳洼流域不同土地类型下土壤养分分布特征进行研究,结果表明:流域土壤养分整体上表现为草地>农地>梯田>林地>沟道.流域各类型下土壤养分随土层深度增加,有逐渐下降的趋势.在α=0.05下,不同土层间土壤速效磷、速效钾、全磷存在显著差异.在不同土地类型下土壤全磷受母质影响,变异系数仅为21.41%,在土壤中以稳定态存在,而流域有效磷的变异系数可达178.56%,土壤有效磷含量的空间分布较为复杂,易受随机因素影响.草地利用类型下土壤有机质、碱解氮的变异系数为35.24%,29.04%,远高于林地利用类型.pH值与速效磷、全氮、有机质和碱解氮都有极显著的相关关系,有机质和碱解氮、全氮相关性较高,相关系数(R)分别为0.914**,0.839**,而全磷与有效磷之间没有表现出明显相关关系.