Non-additive Effects of Leaf Litter Mixtures from Robinia pseudoacacia and Ten Tree Species on Soil Properties

ABSTRACT

Litter decomposition plays a critical role in both nutrient cycling and the interspecific relationships between tree species. In this study, leaf litter from Robinia pseudoacacia was mixed with litter from 10 other species, this mixture was then ground and incubated in soil. The soil indexes (i.e., quantity of microbes, activities of enzymes, and chemical properties) were analyzed to study the effects of litter decomposition on soil properties and the interaction between the litters. If mixed separately with Larix principis-rupprechtii or Betula platyphylla, R. pseudoacacia litter exerted synergistic effects on the activities of most enzymes. The mixed litters of R. pseudoacacia and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica or Ulmus pumila exerted synergistic effects on the soil available P. With regard to the soil properties as a whole, the mixed litters of R. pseudoacacia and B. platyphylla, Pinus tabulaeformis, P. sylvestris var. mongolica, or L. principis-rupprechtii exerted synergistic effects on soil during their decomposition. However, the mixed litters of R. pseudoacacia and Populus simonii, Quercus liaotungensis, U. pumila, or Caragana microphylla did not. This indicated that R. pseudoacacia mixed with the litter of other needle-leaf tree species benefits the development and regeneration of soil and thus can be used for sustainable forest management.     

高寒草地不同利用方式对植被生物量和土壤氮矿化的影响

研究了天然草地、恢复草地和人工燕麦3种不同草地利用方式植被生物量与土壤氮矿化的变化。结果表明：3种土地利用方式,地上生物量大小依次为恢复草地〉燕麦〉天然草地,分别为424.02,381.72和307.26g/m^2,地下生物量主要集中在0-10cm土层,为天然草地〉恢复草地〉燕麦,总生物量地下地上比的大小也是天然草地〉恢复草地〉燕麦;植物种类及扰动大小是3种草地利用方式生物量差异的主要原因。随草地利用方式变化,植被构成、生物量发生变化,土壤氮素矿化作用也随之改变。3种草地利用方式,土壤净氮矿化速率大小为恢复草地〉天然草地〉燕麦。土壤氮矿化以硝化作用为主,硝态氮是形成生物量的有效氮素。天然草地的地下生物量最大,与其土壤净硝化速率最高有关,燕麦的土壤净氮矿化速率为负值,为植物生长提供的氮素较少,使其生物量最小。     

藏獒皮肤成纤维细胞培养与生物学特性观察

In order to study biological characteristics of Tibetan Mastiff somatic cells and preserve genetic resource, two fibroblast cell strains from Tibetan Mastiff were established by tissue culture. In vitro culture cell morphology, hyperplasia ability and some biological characteristics were researched. Tibetan Mastiff cells in vitro culture appeared typical morphology of fibroblast cells, grew well and had strong hyperplasia ability. Population doubling time of the cells was 46.1 h. Vimentin expression in the cells was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. The rate of F5 cells with normal diploidy (2n=78) was 91.4%. Moreover, longer X chromosome belonged to submetacentric chromosome, but Y chromosome did telocentric chromosome. Tibetan Mastiff cell strains eslablished in the study offered the materials for the Tibetan Mastiff somatic cell nuclear transfer research.     

青藏高原高寒牧区冷季补饲藏系绵羊温室气体排放特征

为了揭示藏系绵羊温室气体排放特征,在青藏高原高寒牧区采用密封式呼吸箱-气相色谱结合的方法,于2013年冷季对3只身体健康、均重(50.13±1.28)kg的藏系绵羊温室气体(CH4、CO2、N2O)日排放特征进行了研究。试验期间,动物日粮的精料为蒸煮饲料,粗粮为青干草饼。结果表明,藏系绵羊的CH4排放日动态具有明显规律性,排放峰值在8:00和17:00(P0.01),排放峰值的出现时间与饲喂时间基本吻合,最小值出现在次日7:00;CO2的日排放曲线相对平稳;N2O的日变化没有明显规律且排放量极低。在冷季补饲模式下,藏系绵羊的CH4、CO2和N2O日排放量分别为(16.17±1.27)、(549.18±20.63)g·head-1和(0.73±0.32)mg·head-1。     

藏羚粪便中类固醇激素的高效液相色谱分析

[目的]通过建立粪便中生殖激素含量的测定方法,为研究藏羚羊的繁殖特征奠定基础。[方法]以2-（11H-苯﹝α﹞咔唑）-乙基肼基甲酸酯（BCECH）为柱前衍生化试剂,探讨皮质醇、皮质酮、睾酮和孕酮4种类固醇激素衍生物的最佳色谱分离条件。通过比较4种类固醇激素标准品出峰时间,确定粪样中目标物质峰。[结果]最优衍生条件为：以乙腈为衍生化溶剂,以三氯乙酸为催化剂,衍生化温度65℃,衍生试剂用量为总摩尔类固醇的10倍以上。在建立的色谱条件下,藏羚粪样中4种类固醇激素含量色谱图有较多的杂质峰,表明粪样中的成分很复杂。[结论]该研究建立了藏羚羊粪便中类固醇激素高效液相色谱的分析方法,实现了藏羚粪便中4种类固醇化合物的定量测定。     

Methane emissions from different vegetation zones in a Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau wetland

We measured methane (CH₄) emissions in the Luanhaizi wetland, a typical alpine wetland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, during the plant growth season (early July to mid-September) in 2002. Our aim was to quantify the spatial and temporal variation of CH₄ flux and to elucidate key factors in this variation. Static chamber measurements of CH₄ flux were made in four vegetation zones along a gradient of water depth. There were three emergent-plant zones (Hippuris-dominated; Scirpus-dominated; and Carex-dominated) and one submerged-plant zone (Potamogeton-dominated). The smallest CH₄ flux (seasonal mean=33.1 mg CH₄ m⁻² d⁻¹) was observed in the Potamogeton-dominated zone, which occupied about 74% of the total area of the wetland. The greatest CH₄ flux (seasonal mean=214 mg CH₄ m⁻² d⁻¹) was observed in the Hippuris-dominated zone, in the second-deepest water area. CH₄ flux from three zones (excluding the Carex-dominated zone) showed a marked diurnal change and decreased dramatically under dark conditions. Light intensity had a major influence on the temporal variation in CH₄ flux, at least in three of the zones. Methane fluxes from all zones increased during the growing season with increasing aboveground biomass. CH₄ flux from the Scirpus-dominated zone was significantly lower than in the other emergent-plant zones despite the large biomass, because the root and rhizome intake ports for CH₄ transport in the dominant species were distributed in shallower and more oxidative soil than occupied in the other zones. Spatial and temporal variation in CH₄ flux from the alpine wetland was determined by the vegetation zone. Among the dominant species in each zone, there were variations in the density and biomass of shoots, gas-transport system, and root-rhizome architecture. The CH₄ flux from a typical alpine wetland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was as high as those of other boreal and alpine wetlands.     

高寒矮嵩草草甸地面热源强度及与生物量关系的初步研究

在青藏高原海北高寒矮嵩草草甸地区,依据2002年涡度相关法观测的能量平衡各分量资料和6-10月植物地上、地下生物量测定值,分析了高寒矮嵩草草甸近地表热量平衡、地面热源强度的变化特征,讨论了地面热源强度与植物生物量季节变化过程中的相互关系。结果表明:在青藏高原海北高寒矮嵩草草甸地区,年内地面均为热源,热源强度季节变化明显,地面热源强度年平均为88.5 W/m2;地上生物量季节变化与热源强度具有显著的正相关关系,而地下生物量季节变化与热源强度关系不明显。     

放牧对小嵩草草甸土壤酶活性及土壤环境因素的影响

观测了放牧对高寒小嵩草草甸土壤酶活性及土壤环境因素的影响,结果表明:①随着放牧压力的增大,植被盖度、地上生物量、土壤有机质、全氮、硝态氮、全磷、有效磷、土壤水分明显下降,而地下生物量、土壤容重、pH及根土比呈现增大趋势,不同放牧处理间植物群落特征及土壤理化特性显示出明显的差异(P0.05);②纤维素分解酶、多酚氧化酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性均随放牧压力增大而下降,只有过氧化氢酶以轻牧最高,各处理间上述土壤酶活性差异程度不同;③随着土壤深度的增加,土壤水分含量、地下生物量、根土比、土壤有机质及氮、磷养分等明显下降,而土壤容重和pH逐渐增大,且不同层次之间存在显著的差异(P0.05);④除过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶外,其它土壤酶活性随土壤深度的加深显著减小。     

Grazing intensity alters soil respiration in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau

Grazing intensity may alter the soil respiration rate in grassland ecosystems. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the influence of grazing intensity on temporal variations in soil respiration of an alpine meadow on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau; and (2) characterise the temperature response of soil respiration under different grazing intensities. Diurnal and seasonal soil respiration rates were measured for two alpine meadow sites with different grazing intensities. The light grazing (LG) meadow site had a grazing intensity of 2.55 sheep ha⁻¹, while the grazing intensity of the heavy grazing (HG) meadow site, 5.35 sheep ha⁻¹, was approximately twice that of the LG site. Soil respiration measurements showed that CO₂ efflux was almost twice as great at the LG site as at the HG site during the growing season, but the diurnal and seasonal patterns of soil respiration rate were similar for the two sites. Both exhibited the highest annual soil respiration rate in mid-August and the lowest in January. Soil respiration rate was highly dependent on soil temperature. The Q₁₀ value for annual soil respiration was lower for the HG site (2.75) than for the LG site (3.22). Estimates of net ecosystem CO₂ exchange from monthly measurements of biomass and soil respiration revealed that during the period from May 1998 to April 1999, the LG site released 2040 g CO₂ m⁻² y⁻¹ to the atmosphere, which was about one third more than the 1530 g CO₂ m⁻² y⁻¹ released at the HG site. The results suggest that (1) grazing intensity alters not only soil respiration rate, but also the temperature dependence of soil CO₂ efflux; and (2) soil temperature is the major environmental factor controlling the temporal variation of soil respiration rate in the alpine meadow ecosystem.     

春小麦和苜蓿根际溶磷菌筛选及其溶磷能力测定

对春小麦(Triticum aestivum)和苜蓿(Medicago sativa)根际和非根际土壤中溶磷菌进行分离得到溶磷菌株368株,小麦和苜蓿根际溶磷菌数量分布为:根际土(RS)>远离根际土(NRS)>根表(RP)>根内(HP)。利用溶磷圈法初步筛选出66株具有较高溶磷能力的菌株,经钼蓝比色法测定其溶磷量,获得12株溶磷量大于100 mg/L的高效溶磷菌,且发现溶磷能力与pH值没有显著相关性。