芪合酶基因转化小白菜

利用质粒pBin438构建了含有NPTⅡ基因和葡萄芪合酶(RS)基因的芪合酶组成型植物表达载体EHA105/pBinRS。用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacteriumtumefaciens)介导法将RS基因导入纯合系小白菜(Brassicacampestrisssp.chinensis)品种中,经Kan抗性筛选、PCR及RT-PCR检测,RS基因已整合到小白菜基因组中并得到了表达,共获得了7株转基因植株。     

荞麦淀粉的真菌淀粉酶酶解动力学研究

为掌握真菌α-淀粉酶对荞麦淀粉的酶解特性，该文研究了不同底物浓度、酶浓度、pH值及温度对水解反应速率的影响，运用米氏方程对水解动力学过程进行描述和拟合，用Lineweaver-Burk和Wilkinson统计法求解动力学参数。结果表明，真菌α-淀粉酶对荞麦淀粉的水解反应初期遵循一级反应规律，可用米氏方程对水解动力学过程进行描述和拟合，在酶浓度为0.5 U/mL、pH值5.5、温度为55℃时米氏常数K_m为5.470 mg/mL，最大反应速率V_m为1.587 mg/(mL·min)。确立的包括底物浓度、酶浓度、水解温度在内的荞麦淀粉酶水解动力学模型，在303.15～333.15 K的温度范围内适用。     

地表糙度对径流和产沙影响的室内试验研究

该文通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法，分析了连续降雨过程条件下，不同糙度地表的径流量和产沙量的变化。研究结果表明：人工锄耕的地表，延缓径流的作用较为明显，但这一作用仅发生在降雨初期；随着降雨的进行，不同糙度地表的径流变化规律基本一致，先增加，随后趋于稳定的趋势，但径流总量没有明显变化。同样，人工锄耕的地表，延缓地表的产沙作用强于糙度小的地表，产沙率15°坡面要高于5°坡面，随着降雨的进行，在雨强1.0 mm/min条件下，这一变化更为明显，最终产沙总量变化不大。地表糙度对侵蚀的影响，不仅与降雨持续时间相关，同时与坡度密切相关，并初步证实黄土区地表糙度对侵蚀的影响存在着一定的临界条件。这为揭示地表糙度的本质特征提供了一定的理论依据，同时也可服务于黄土高原坡耕地水土流失的治理和退耕还林(草)工程的实施。     

烟草DREB-like转录因子的克隆与鉴定

在NCBI网站BLAST得到5个烟草表达序列标签(EST),据此设计引物,从烟草(Nicotianabenthamiana)品种本塞母氏中分离出2条DREB(dehydration-responsiveelementbindingprotein)-like转录因子基因,分别命名为NbDREB1和NbDREB2。与相关AP2/EREBP类转录因子比对结果显示,NbDREB1和NbDREB2都具有典型的AP2/EREBP转录因子家族EREBP亚族A类AP2区特征,并且都能在大肠杆菌(Escherichiacoli)中表达。酵母单杂交结果显示,都不具有激活功能。连接pGADT7反式激活载体进行酵母单杂交结果显示:NbDREB1能与DRE顺式作用元件结合,NbDREB2则不能,表明NbDREB1为抑制型DREB类转录因子。比较NbDREB1和NbDREB2的AP2区发现:两者在第2位和第49位氨基酸处不同,NbDREB1为Y和K,NbDREB2为N和R。     

Effects of mycorrhizal inoculation of upland rice on uptake kinetics of arsenate and arsenite

We assessed the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on short‐term uptake kinetics of arsenate and arsenite by excised roots of upland rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Zhonghan 221). A concentration of 0.01–0.05 mM arsenic (As) differentially affected the influx rates of both arsenate and arsenite into rice roots non‐inoculated or inoculated with Glomus mosseae and G. versiforme. While V_max for arsenate uptake by non‐mycorrhizal roots was 1.02 µmol g^?1 fresh weight h^?1, it was reduced by a factor of 2.4 for mycorrhizal roots (about 0.42 µmol g^?1 fresh weight h^?1) in the high‐affinity uptake system. However, at high concentrations of 0.5–2.5 mM As only G. versiforme was able to reduce As influx. The results show that mycorrhizal effects on As uptake of upland rice are both concentration and species‐specific.     

Impact of genetic and environmental variation on development of flavonoids and carotenoids in pepper (Capsicum spp.)

Peppers (Capsicum spp.) were grown for phytochemical analyses at three different locations including a greenhouse at College Station and field plots at Uvalde and Weslaco, Texas. Cultivar effects were significant at each location for all compounds. The best sources of β-carotene were mature greenhouse-grown fruit of Fidel (23.7 μg/g) and C 127 (22.3 μg/g). Mature greenhouse fruit of Tropic Bell (10.1 μg/g) and PI 357509 (9.2 μg/g) had high lutein, but Uvalde field-grown mature fruit of these lines were low in this compound, (1.4 and 0.5 μg/g, respectively). MJ 201 fruit had the highest zeaxanthin levels (10 μg/g) at both College Station and Uvalde. The best sources of quercetin over all locations were the yellow wax types, Banana Supreme (186 μg/g), PI 357509 (86 μg/g) and Rio Grande Gold (26 μg/g). Fidel (37 μg/g) and Banana Supreme (21.5 μg/g) were the best sources of luteolin. Immature fruit generally contained lower levels of lutein and xeaxanthin than mature, colored fruit. These differences were not always statistically significant. Greenhouse-grown peppers at College Station contained more carotenoids than the field-grown peppers in Uvalde and Weslaco, but there were no significant differences among locations for flavonoid concentrations. Several good candidate parents were identified for the breeding program to develop novel pepper varieties with increased health benefits. Families of these varieties are currently being examined to assess the impact of specific environmental factors and identify genes involved in regulating synthesis of these beneficial phytochemicals.     

宁南黄土丘陵区旱地作物水分平衡特征与水分生态适应性研究

依据田间试验结果 ,对宁南黄土丘陵区主要作物水分平衡特征与水分生态适应性进行定量评价。结果表明 ,夏熟作物全生育期水分满足率 ,干旱年份为 5 5 9%～ 6 3 8% ,丰水年份为84 1%～ 86 4 % ;秋熟作物全生育期水分满足率 ,干旱年份为 6 7 7%～ 79 0 % ,丰水年份为92 1%～ 95 1%。水分生态适应性因作物类型和降水条件而存在差异 ,秋熟作物水分生态适应性指数高于夏熟作物 ,丰水年份的作物水分生态适应性指数高于干旱年份。旱地 6种主要作物的水分生态适应性指数排序依次为 :谷子 >马铃薯 >糜子 >胡麻 >豌豆 >春小麦。研究结果可为制定合理的旱区种植制度决策方案提供理论依据     

黄腐酸抗旱营养剂对小麦和玉米生长的影响

研究了黄腐酸旱地龙拌种、浇灌以及喷施对小麦和玉米生长的影响。结果表明:拌种时间为30 min时可提高小麦的发芽率和促进小麦苗期生长;浇灌试验中,正常供水条件下,浓度为600倍的稀释溶液相比对照可显著降低叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量,分别降低17.7%和15.6%;而干旱胁迫下,稀释480倍处理相比对照显著提高叶绿素a含量达24%;浇灌FA可显著提高田间玉米花粒期株高和Chla+b,分别提高7%和17%,喷施处理提高叶片净光合速率和水分利用效率,分别为25%和28%,而浇灌处理提高了62%和45%;浇灌FA显著提高田间小麦苗期和返青期叶绿素含量。     

中国农业废弃物沼气化资源潜力评价

通过构建农业废弃物沼气化利用潜力估算模型,确定各种农业废弃物沼气化转化参数,估算了2009年中国种植业、畜牧业生产和人类生活所产生的农作物秸秆、畜禽粪便和人粪尿等生产和生活废弃物的量,结果表明2009年全国农作物秸秆量达到89886.75万t、畜禽粪便量达到399115.6万 t,人粪尿达到25333万 t,在35℃条件下沼气化资源潜力为5832.675亿m3,相当于4.14亿t标准煤.研究种植业、畜牧业等农村生产和生活产生的废弃物数量及其沼气化利用的资源潜力计算方法,对摸清我国农业废弃物数量、沼气化利用潜力具有重要意义.     

耕地数量变化与经济发展动态关系研究——以陕西省为例

基于1978-2008年统计数据,采用计量经济分析方法探讨陕西省耕地数量变化与经济发展之间的动态关系。研究结果表明:陕西省耕地面积与人均GDP之间存在长期的均衡关系,但短期内会偏离这种均衡;陕西省经济发展对耕地数量变化的解释水平为10%左右,预测期内不断增强,而耕地数量变化能够解释经济发展的35%以上,但预测期内先增强后减弱。协调耕地保护与经济发展之间的矛盾,应集约利用土地,发展节地型产业和低碳经济,提高耕地占用的经济成本,加大财政强农惠农补贴力度。