3种寄主植物对白刺夜蛾生长发育、繁殖和寿命的影响

白刺夜蛾Leiometopon simyrides是荒漠植物白刺的重要害虫, 为明确寄主植物对白刺夜蛾生长发育的影响, 以便对其进行科学监测和防控，本研究在27℃下, 利用3种寄主植物(大果白刺、泡泡刺、唐古特白刺)饲养白刺夜蛾, 观察记录白刺夜蛾幼虫的取食量、各阶段的发育历期、存活率、羽化率、雌雄性比和成虫寿命等生物学特性, 同时测定各寄主植物叶片的营养和次生代谢物质含量。结果表明, 白刺夜蛾幼虫取食大果白刺叶片的总量最少, 取食唐古特白刺的量最多。取食唐古特白刺的白刺夜蛾幼虫发育历期最短, 其次为取食泡泡刺, 取食大果白刺时历期最长。取食泡泡刺和唐古特白刺后, 白刺夜蛾幼虫的存活率和羽化率较高, 取食大果白刺存活率最低, 且无成虫羽化。在唐古特白刺上, 白刺夜蛾雌虫占比较高, 成虫寿命较长。大果白刺的叶片总酚含量和简单酚含量最高, 各营养物质含量最低, 不利于白刺夜蛾的生长发育;唐古特白刺和泡泡刺酚类物质含量较低, 营养物质含量较高, 较适宜白刺夜蛾的生长发育和繁殖。唐古特白刺为白刺夜蛾的最适宜寄主植物, 其次为泡泡刺。     

Effects of rice-water chestnut intercropping on rice sheath blight and rice blast diseases

Both sheath blight and blast are important rice diseases worldwide. The exploration of environmentally sound practices to control these diseases will help to reduce fungicide application. Effects of rice (Oryza sativa) intercropping with water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) on rice sheath blight and rice blast disease as well as the extracts of different plant parts and root exudates from water chestnut on pathogens of rice sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) and rice blast disease (Magnaporthe oryzae) were investigated using pot experiments and bioassay tests. The results from pot tests showed that rice-water chestnut intercropping system suppressed sheath blight and blast and improved land equivalent ratio (LER). The results from bioassay tests indicated that extracts and root exudates from water chestnut had significant effects to inhibit the expansion of these pathogens. The scales of these inhibitions were time and concentration dependent. The antifungal activities of the extracts from aboveground parts and pulp of water chestnut were significantly higher than the extracts from other parts and root exudates. The water extracts of aboveground parts showed the highest antifungal activity on both pathogens according to EC₅₀ values. The antifungal activities of the same extracts from water chestnut on R. solani were significantly higher than on M. oryzae. The result suggests that water chestnut possesses bioactive substances to suppress rice sheath blight disease and rice blast disease. The rice-water chestnut intercropping system can be used as an environment-friendly method for diseases control in rice field.     

GHA_(70A)型PX罐车蒸汽加热卸车能耗试验

针对GHA70A型对二甲苯(PX)罐车在加热卸车过程中蒸汽消耗量大、加热时间长的问题,对罐车不同的加热方式及加热条件进行现场试验研究,对比分析了不同加热方式下的加热效果,制定了合理的加热方式和蒸汽入口压力。现场实际加热过程中,结合罐车PX结晶程度和卸车仓储库所在地气候条件,适当选择单管或双管加热方式,并在加热过程中采取换向操作,可以有效降低蒸汽消耗量。为了减少加热时间和节约蒸汽耗量,罐车蒸汽入口压力应尽量不小于0.30 MPa,视结晶程度选择不同的蒸汽入口压力:秋季及初春季节蒸汽入口压力取0.30 MPa左右,而冬季蒸汽入口压力取0.45 MPa左右为宜。     

啶虫脒对B-Z化学振荡体系的影响及其分析检测

在连续搅拌反应器(CSTR)中,研究了杀虫剂啶虫脒对封闭体系中的Belousov-Zhabotinsky化学振荡体系(B-Z振荡体系)的影响.结果表明:啶虫脒的浓度在4.80×10-5~2.00×10-4mol.L-1范围内,振幅变化值(ΔE)和周期变化值(ΔT)与啶虫脒浓度(C)的关系分别符合方程:ΔE=0.026 5+0.045 9c和ΔT=0.200 4c2-0.020 9c+0.001 3,相关系数分别为0.999 5和0.997 6,最低检测限达5.0×10-7mol.L-1.     

Plant Community and Soil Environment Response to Summer Fire in the Northern Great Plains

Fire is an important process in many ecosystems, especially grasslands. However, documentation of plant community and soil environment responses to fire is limited for semiarid grasslands relative to that for mesic grasslands. Replicated summer fire research is lacking but necessary because summer is the natural fire season and the period of most wildfires in the western United States. We evaluated summer fire effects on soil temperature, soil moisture, aboveground biomass, root biomass, and functional group composition for 2 yr in semiarid C₃-dominated northern Great Plains. Following pre-treatment measures, four 0.75-ha sites were burned during August for comparison with nonburned sites, and the experiment was repeated the next year on adjacent sites to assess weather effects. Soils were about 0.5°C cooler on burned sites in the first experiment and similar in the second. Burned sites were consistently 1% drier than nonburned sites. Litter was reduced by fire but did not account for changes in soil moisture because differences occurred before the growing season. Current-year aboveground biomass and root biomass were similar between treatments, indicating productivity was resistant to summer fire. Perennial C₃ grasses increased in dominance because of positive biomass responses to fire for all but the bunchgrass, Hesperostipa comata, and a reduction of annual grasses. Perennial C₄ grasses were unaffected by summer fire. H. comata was resilient, with biomass on burned sites equaling nonburned sites the second growing season. Biomass was more responsive to precipitation than fire, and the fire-induced changes in species composition suggest exclusion of fire may be a greater disturbance than summer fire.     

自走式遥控喷药车的设计

设计了自走式遥控喷药车。该车可以在各类农作物整个生长期内不受限制地完成农药喷洒作业,尤其是针对胡麻作物的中后期植保作业,可以做到不伤苗、不压苗,适用于胡麻茎秆同高作物生长期的喷药作业。该喷药车应用单片机技术、红外遥感技术可实现行走、转向、喷杆的升降折叠等远程控制。通过整机性能及田间试验的调试和验证,结果表明,该喷药车转向灵敏、行驶稳定、喷雾植保效果好,能够满足胡麻等高杆农作物田间实验的要求。整个测试过程中,主控信号接收和反馈迅速,每一环节都可通过遥控精准控制,整机达到了设计要求,已具备田间试验的相关条件。     

基于SSM/I的青藏高原东部雪深模型反演及积雪时空分布研究

雪灾是制约牧区草地畜牧业持续发展的主要气象灾害之一。利用研究区1995-1996年、2000-2001年、2005-2006年10月到次年3月共3个积雪季的SSM/I日亮温数据和79个气象台站对应的地面实测雪深值,反演了青藏高原东部的雪深模型,估算了积雪分布面积和积雪深度。研究结果表明：3个积雪季的月、旬积雪面积都是先增加,在12月到次年1月达到最大值,然后减少;各积雪季雪深以<5 cm为主,10月、次年2月和3月期间基本上没有>10 cm以上的积雪;从3个积雪季的旬雪深数据来看,各旬3个级别的雪深面积变化基本上都遵循了先增大后减小的趋势,其中雪深<5 cm的积雪面积变化最大,>10 cm的积雪面积变化最小;3个积雪季510 cm的积雪主要分布在青南的玉树、果洛州。     

基于高分影像特征优选的黄土高原撂荒耕地遥感监测方法

快速、准确地监测撂荒耕地对研究土地利用变化、保障国家粮食安全和制定农业政策有着重要意义,黄土高原地区复杂地貌和耕地破碎性对监测撂荒耕地颇具挑战性。该研究以国产高分卫星遥感影像为主要数据源,使用耦合遗传算法的离散二进制粒子群算法改进最佳指数因子法优选分类特征因子,采用随机森林分类和分类后变化检测方法,获得试验区2011—2022年撂荒耕地时空分布信息,通过影像目视判读和实地调查相结合的方式进行结果验证和精度评价,结果表明：1）经重要性评估发现NDVI平均精度减少（mean decrease accuracy,MDA）得分最高,经改进的优选特征方法优选特征为：绿波段、红波段、近红外波段、蓝绿波段比值指数、坡度、NDVI、方差、对比度,特征优选有效提高了高分影像的土地利用分类精度和效率;2）国产高分卫星数据可实现地块尺度撂荒耕地的精准识别,经验证,撂荒耕地识别总体精度达到92.48%;3）2011—2022年间研究区撂荒耕地总面积为5492.51 hm²,2011—2014年撂荒率最大,达21.09%,2020—2022年撂荒率最小,为0.99%。该研究构建了黄土高原地区地块尺度撂荒耕地遥感监测的方法,并进行验证和评价,对推动撂荒耕地相关研究和国产高分卫星数据的实践应用具有积极意义。     

Visual Basic语言的教学研究

本文通过分析Visual Basic语言的窗口使用、变量定义、顺序结构程序设计、选择结构程序设计在教学中可能出现的问题,提出了如何设计教学内容,以使学生更好地掌握所学知识。     

改性磷矿粉在石灰性土壤上的生物有效性及其机理研究

为缓解磷资源危机,充分利用不适于化学加工的磷矿资源,对磷矿采用活化技术开发利用,由此生产的改性磷肥已被证明在酸性土壤上有很高的生物有效性,但在石灰性土壤上的研究还比较少。本文选择4种不同产地(云南昆明、四川德阳、四川绵竹和贵州开阳)的磷矿粉,分别用有机活化剂和无机活化剂进行活化处理,制备改性磷矿粉,并就其在石灰性土壤对苗期春小麦的生物有效性进行了盆栽试验。结果表明,4种磷矿粉经活化处理后有效磷和水溶性磷含量均明显增加,无机活化剂提高了有效磷的含量,而有机活化剂对水溶性磷的提高幅度较大。改性磷矿粉处理均不同程度提高了石灰性土壤上春小麦的生物量干重、植株吸磷量和磷利用效率,有机活化剂处理制备的改性磷矿粉对春小麦生长的促进作用更为明显。运用红外光谱谱学技术对4种磷矿粉及相应的8种改性磷矿粉结构分析结果表明,磷矿粉经改性后其结构发生了明显变化,H2PO4和HPO42的特征谱带明显增加,增加的程度因磷矿粉的产地和活化剂种类不同而有差异。对磷矿粉化学成分分析结果表明,不同产地的磷矿粉其磷以及钙、铁、铝、镁等化学成分的含量差异较大,活化剂对磷矿粉的活化效果与磷矿粉本身的氧化物含量有关。在本试验条件下,磷矿粉Ⅲ(四川绵竹)的活化效果相对最好,与其氧化镁含量最高、总氧化物含量最低有关。不同类型活化剂对磷矿粉的活化效果不同,红外光谱分析结果表明,无机活化剂活化效果较好,而土培试验结果表明有机活化剂的活化效果较好,这一结果有待进一步的研究。