长期化肥配施不同有机肥对土壤和玉米中重金属累积的影响

  【目的】  明确长期化肥配施有机肥对重金属元素在土壤和农作物籽粒、秸秆中积累的影响及其环境效应，为安全高效施肥提供科学依据。  【方法】  在北京市农林科学院新型肥料长期定位试验站进行了为期10年的田间试验，其种植模式为冬小麦–夏玉米轮作，试验处理为不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (NPK)、氮磷钾 + 鸡粪堆肥的有机肥料 (NPKJF)、氮磷钾 + 污泥堆肥的有机肥料 (NPKWN)、氮磷钾 + 垃圾堆肥的有机肥料 (NPKLJ) 和氮磷钾 + 秸秆粉碎还田 (NPKJG) 共6个处理，施肥处理依据等氮量施肥原则，每季作物施 N 180 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 90.0 kg/hm2、K₂O 90.0 kg/hm2。在玉米收获后测定了玉米秸秆、籽粒和0—20 cm耕层土壤中重金属全量。  【结果】  添加污泥处理显著提高了土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Zn的含量，单因子污染指数分别比对照提高了45.10%、150.00%、104.00%、44.60%、65.80%。不同施肥处理对土壤中全量Cd、Cr、Hg、Cu、Zn存在一定的富集效果。各处理重金属单项污染指数在0.02～0.46，远小于1，综合污染指数为0.23～0.36，均小于0.7，试验区土壤重金属均为无污染等级。施用有机废弃物堆肥的处理玉米籽粒Cd、Cu、Zn含量比对照显著增加，各处理间Hg、As、Cr、Pb、Ni含量差异不显著，连续10年定位施肥后试验站土壤以及玉米籽粒中重金属含量均未超标。同一作物不同部位对重金属的富集能力不同，玉米秸秆对重金属的富集能力大于籽粒。玉米籽粒中Pb、Cu、Zn含量与土壤Pb、Cu、Zn含量存在正相关性，玉米秸秆中Cd、Hg、Cr、Ni含量与土壤中Cd、Hg、Cr、Ni含量呈正相关或者显著负相关。  【结论】  在施氮总量不变的前提下，连续施用供试有机堆肥10年后，土壤重金属含量均未超标，土壤重金属单项污染指数在0.02～0.46，综合污染指数为0.23～0.36，无污染风险。只有污泥堆肥需要加强土壤Cd的监测。玉米秸秆对重金属的富集能力大于籽粒。玉米籽粒中Pb、Cu、Zn含量与土壤相应重金属含量存在正相关性，秸秆中Cd、Pb、Hg、Zn与Cr、Ni含量与土壤中相应重金属含量呈正相关，而秸秆中Cr、Ni含量与土壤中相应重金属含量呈负相关。     

Responses of glutamine synthetase activity and gene expression to nitrogen levels in winter wheat cultivars with different grain protein content

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism, which improves crops grain protein content. A pot experiment in field condition was carried out to evaluate GS expression and activity, and grain protein content in high (Wanmai16) and low grain protein (Loumai24) wheat cultivars under two N levels (0.05 and 0.15 g N kg⁻¹ soil). High nitrogen (HN) resulted in significant increases in GS1 and GS2 expression at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), and higher GS activity during the entire grain filling stage. HN also significantly increased yield, grain protein content and protein fraction (except for glutenin of Luomai24) in two wheat cultivars, which indicated that it increased grain yield and protein content by improving nitrogen metabolism. Wanmai16 showed higher grain protein content, gliadin and glutenin content, and had higher expression level of GS2 both in flag leaves and grains at early grain filling stage. However, Luomai24 had greater yield and higher expression level of GS1. The difference expression of GS2 and GS1 genes indicates they had various contributions to the accumulation of protein and starch in wheat grains, respectively. The results suggest that GS2 would be serving as a potential breeding target for improving wheat quality.     

粒径对平菇栽培用玉米芯发酵料代谢物的影响

为了解玉米芯粒径对平菇栽培用发酵料中代谢物的影响,采用代谢组学技术分析添加不同粒径玉米芯的发酵料中微生物代谢物及其代谢通路。结果表明,添加小粒径玉米芯(D₅₀=0.5 cm)和大粒径玉米芯(D₅₀=1.5 cm)的发酵料中微生物代谢物差异显著。在正离子(POS)和负离子(NEG)模式下分别筛选得到464种和201种差异代谢物,包括芳香族化合物、氨基酸、糖及醇类、脂质、生物碱等。差异代谢物分别富集到90条(POS模式)和94条(NEG模式)代谢通路,差异显著的有2条,分别为源自鸟氨酸、赖氨酸、烟酸生物合成生物碱和组氨酸代谢。说明不同粒径玉米芯发酵料中微生物代谢物具有显著差异,为发酵料栽培平菇原料选择提供了理论依据。     

东北雨养玉米氮肥优化管理综合评价

[目的]针对目前氮肥优化管理的评价方法难以兼顾产量、经济效益、氮肥效率及环境等多目标评价现状,运用层次分析法和熵权法确定指标的权重,并采用综合评价法对玉米氮肥优化管理进行评价.[方法]2018—2019年在东北雨养区开展玉米田间定位试验,试验设5个施氮水平:0?(N0)、75?(N75)、150?(N150)、225(...     

播期对吉林中部春玉米产量形成及氮素分配的影响

本实验设置3个播种日期,对比研究不同播种日期对两个玉米品种产量、生物量、氮素积累和分配特征的影响。结果表明,XY335在早播和晚播处理下,产量比中播处理分别提高11.5%和5.1%;ZD958在早播和中播处理下,产量较晚播分别提高15.8%和11.1%。在VT-R6期,XY335的干物质积累和氮素积累早播和晚播较中播分别提高6.8%和2.7%、31.5%和11.4%,ZD958的干物质和氮素积累早播和中播较晚播分别提高26.6%和25.9%、99.2%和59.4%。在早播处理下,XY335、ZD958具有较高的花后干物质和氮素分配,分别达到了58.5%和63.2%、49.1%和52.2%。在公主岭地区,两个品种均适宜早播,但XY335播期范围更广,适宜播期均通过提高VT-R6期的干物质积累和氮素积累而提升产量。     

南京郊区番茄地中氮肥的气态氮损失

采用田间试验研究了番茄地施用化学氮肥后的氨挥发、反硝化损失和N2O排放及其影响因素。氨挥发采用通气密闭室法测定，反硝化损失（N2＋N2O）采用乙炔抑制-土柱培养法测定，不加乙炔测定N2O排放。结果表明，番茄生长期间全部处理均未检测到氨挥发，其原因是土表氨分压低于检测灵敏度，较低的氨分压是由于表层土壤的铵态氮浓度和pH都不高所致。在番茄生长期间，对照区即来自有机肥和土壤本身的反硝化损失和N2O℃排放量相当高，反硝化损失总量高达N29．6kghm^-2，N2O排放量为N7．76kghm^-2。施用化学氮肥显著增加了反硝化损失和N2O排放，3个施用化学氮肥处理的反硝化损失变化在N40．8～46．1kghm^-2之间，占施入化肥氮量的5．50％～6．01％；N2O排放量为N13．6～17．6kghm^-2，占施入化肥氮量的2．62％～4．92％；与尿素相比，包衣尿素未能显著减低反硝化损失和N2O排放。施用尿素的处理在每次追肥后，耕层土壤均会出现NO3^--N高峰，继之的反硝化和N2O排放高峰。反硝化速率与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关。总的看来，番茄生长期间没有氨挥发，而硝化反硝化是氮素损失的重要途径之一。     

Biochar reduces uptake and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in winter wheat on a PAH-contaminated soil

For years, biochar has been successfully used for the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in contaminated soils, not only for improving their removal from soil but also for reducing their uptake by crops. However, the underlying mechanism of biochar application reducing PAH uptake and accumulation in winter wheat remains unclear. Pot trials were conducted on a PAH-contaminated soil amended with bamboo biochar, coconut shell biochar,and maize straw biochar(MSB) for an entire gro...     

Interactions between phosphorus availability and microbes in a wheat–maize double cropping system: A reduced fertilization scheme

Mechanisms controlling phosphorus (P) availability and the roles of microorganisms in the efficient utilization of soil P in the wheat–maize double cropping system are poorly understood.  In the present study, we conducted a pot experiment for four consecutive wheat–maize seasons (2016–2018) using calcareous soils with high (30.36 mg kg^–1) and low (9.78 mg kg^–1) initial Olsen-P content to evaluate the effects of conventional P fertilizer application to both wheat and maize (Pwm) along with a reduced P fertilizer application only to wheat (Pw).  The microbial community structure along with soil P availability parameters and crop yield were determined.  The results showed that the Pw treatment reduces the annual P input by 33.3% without affecting the total yield for at least two consecutive years as compared with the Pwm treatment in the high Olsen-P soil.  Soil water-soluble P concentrations in the Pw treatment were similar to those in the Pwm treatment at the 12-leaf collar stage when maize requires the most P.  Furthermore, the soil P content significantly affected soil microbial communities, especially fungal communities.  Meanwhile, the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of Pw were significantly higher (by 11.4 and 13.3%) than those of Pwm in soil with high Olsen-P.  The microfloral contribution to yield was greater than that of soil P content in soil with high Olsen-P.  Relative abundances of Bacillus and Rhizobium were enriched in the Pw treatment compared with the Pwm treatment.  Bacillus showed a significant positive correlation with acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, and Rhizobium displayed significant positive correlations with ACP and ALP in soil with high Olsen-P, which may enhance P availability.  Our findings suggested that the application of P fertilization only to wheat is practical in high P soils to ensure optimal production in the wheat and maize double cropping system and that the soil P availability and microbial community may collaborate to maintain optimal yield in a wheat–maize double cropping system.     

水氮运筹对玉米产量及水氮利用效率的影响

[目的]确定适合豫北灌溉区玉米的高产高效和节水增效的水氮运筹模式.[方法]采用随机区组设计实施了为期3 a田间定位试验,试验设置3个灌水量:灌0水(A1),灌2水(A2)和灌3水(A3);2个氮肥运筹:B1:基肥(70％)+小喇叭口期(20％)+灌浆期(10％),B2:基肥(60％)+小喇叭口期(25％)+灌浆期(15...