Comparisons of yield performance and nitrogen response between hybrid and inbred rice under different ecological conditions in southern China

In order to understand the yield performance and nitrogen(N) response of hybrid rice under different ecological conditions in southern China, field experiments were conducted in Huaiji County of Guangdong Province, Binyang of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Changsha City of Hunan Province, southern China in 2011 and 2012. Two hybrid(Liangyoupeijiu and Y-liangyou 1) and two inbred rice cultivars(Yuxiangyouzhan and Huanghuazhan) were grown under three N treatments(N1, 225 kg ha–1; N2, 112.5–176 kg ha–1; N3, 0 kg ha–1) in each location. Results showed that grain yield was higher in Changsha than in Huaiji and Binyang for both hybrid and inbred cultivars. The higher grain yield in Changsha was attributed to larger panicle size(spikelets per panicle) and higher biomass production. Consistently higher grain yield in hybrid than in inbred cultivars was observed in Changsha but not in Huaiji and Binyang. Higher grain weight and higher biomass production were responsible for the higher grain yield in hybrid than in inbred cultivars in Changsha. The better crop performance of rice(especially hybrid cultivars) in Changsha was associated with its temperature conditions and indigenous soil N. N2 had higher internal N use efficiency, recovery efficiency of applied N, agronomic N use efficiency, and partial factor productivity of applied N than N1 for both hybrid and inbred cultivars, while the difference in grain yield between N1 and N2 was relatively small. Our study suggests that whether hybrid rice can outyield inbred rice to some extent depends on the ecological conditions, and N use efficiency can be increased by using improved nitrogen management such as site-specific N management in both hybrid and inbred rice production.     

Characterizing N uptake and use efficiency in rice as influenced by environments

To compare N uptake and use efficiency of rice among different environments and quantify the contributions of indigenous soil and applied N to N uptake and use efficiency, field experiments were conducted in five sites in five provinces of China in 2012 and 2013. Four cultivars were grown under three N treatments in each site. Average total N uptake was 10–12 g m^?2 in Huaiji, Binyang, and Haikou, 20 g m^?2 in Changsha, and 23 g m^?2 in Xingyi. Rice crops took up 54.6–61.7% of total plant N from soil in Huaiji, Binyang, and Haikou, 64.3% in Changsha, and 63.5% in Xingyi. Partial factor productivity of applied N and recovery efficiency of applied N in Changsha were higher than in Huaiji, Binyang, and Haikou, but were lower than in Xingyi. Physiological efficiency of soil N and fertilizer N were lower in Changsha than in Huaiji, Binyang, and Haikou, while the difference in them between Changsha and Xingyi were small or inconsistent. Average grain yields were 6.5–7.5 t ha^?1 (medium yield) in Huaiji, Binyang, and Haikou, 9.0 t ha^?1 (high yield) in Changsha, and 12.0 t ha^?1 (super high yield) in Xingyi. Our results suggest that both indigenous soil and applied N were key factors for improving rice yield from medium to high level, while a further improvement to super high yield indigenous soil N was more important than fertilizer N, and a simultaneous increasing grain yield and N use efficiency can be achieved using SPAD-based practice in rice production.     

Effects of polysaccharides from mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis on growth performance,immunity and antioxidant indicators of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Studies were conducted to evaluate polysaccharides from mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis (PMCS) as a feed additive for pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Shrimps were randomly divided into two groups. One group received the PMCS‐supplemented diet for 52 days, and the other group received no treatment. The data showed that shrimps given PMCS gained more body weight compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Haemolymph immunity indicators, including phenoloxidase (PO), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and lysozyme (LSZ), were remarkably greater in the PMCS group (P < 0.05). In addition, antioxidant parameters, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reduced form (GSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), were significantly greater in the treatment group. However, there were no significant differences in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX) activity between the control and treatment groups. Moreover, the number of Vibrio ichthyoenteri was less in the group treated with PMCS (P < 0.05). In conclusion, PMCS can be used to improve the growth performance and health of pacific white shrimp.     

Electromagnetic field models and their influences onthe temperature field of large hydro generator

To accurately analyze the loss and heat of large hydro generator,the finite element models of 2D steady state electromagnetic field,moving electromagnetic field and field circuit coupling are established respectively.As an example,the losses of the rotor iron and damper winding of a 36 MW tubular hydro generator are calculated.Furthermore,the influences of 3 different electromagnetic field models on the thermal sources and temperatures are analyzed by 3D finite element calculation of the temperature field.The results are compared with the test data and indicate that the precision of the field circuit coupling model is better.The losses of each damp bar are different and the heat of the damp bar at the lee side is larger than that at the windward with the full load.The maximal temperature of the rotor is located at the damper winding,instead of the field winding.The research is valuable for improving the calculation precision of the rotor losses and temperature field and enhancing the reliability of the hydro generator design and operation.     

间作对茶园生态影响研究进展

简述了茶园间作的发展历程,重点论述了间作对茶园光照、茶园温度、叶面温度及土壤温度等方面影响。     

灭字脊虎天牛CSP基因的鉴定、表达谱及XquaCSP7基因的功能研究

基于已发表的灭字脊虎天牛Xylotrechus quadripes的触角转录组数据,采用BLAST同源搜索的方法从转录组中一共鉴定到14个CSP基因,所有CSP均具有全长序列、信号肽序列和4个保守的半胱氨酸。序列比对结果表明,灭字脊虎天牛CSP间氨基酸一致性差异较大(12%~73%),平均值为34%;具有C1-X6-C2-X18-C3-X2-C4的半胱氨酸保守模式。进化分析表明,除XquaCSP8和XquaCSP12外,其余XquaCSPs聚类到不同分支。表达谱分析表明,XquaCSP7基因在触角特异表达;XquaCSP4、CSP5、CSP12和CSP14基因在触角高表达;XquaCSP13基因在足特异表达;其余XquaCSPs基因在多个组织中有表达。结合测定结果发现,XquaCSP7与测试的21种寄主气味结合能力均较弱,荧光取代率在4.5%~13.5%之间,其中与苯乙酮的结合能力最强,荧光取代率为13.5%。研究结果可为后续灭字脊虎天牛CSP基因的功能研究奠定基础。     

川东南轻简栽培方式再生稻产量构成特征和经济效益分析

为了探明轻简栽培方式对中稻+再生稻产量构成特征和经济效益的影响,以黄华占和金农丝苗为材料,于2017年在四川泸州进行不同栽培方式(翻耕移栽、翻耕直播、免耕移栽)的大田试验,分析了中稻-再生稻干物质生产特性、产量、产量构成和经济效益.结果表明,不同栽培方式间头季稻产量差异不显著.翻耕直播头季稻产量较翻耕移栽平均增加3.5...     

蜀柏毒蛾种群生物学指标的研究

根据1990～1992年观测试验,蜀柏毒蛾1年发生2代,第1代自然种群的发育历期平均116天,第2代以卵或初龄幼虫越冬,又称越冬代,平均发育历期249天。蜀柏毒蛾种群的年龄结构是不断变化的,越冬时期的结构也是如此。在食物充分时,雌性比稍低于雄性比;食物匮乏时,雌性比下降;雄性种群的发育稍先于雌性种群。越冬代雌成虫生殖力(平均产卵量)264粒,第1代生殖力124粒。蜀柏毒蛾的繁殖速度R=7695,实际情况下,R值要小得多,甚至小于1;因为各代各期都有死亡发生,抽样调查表明各时期死亡率从百分之零点几至几十不等;固定标准地连续调查表明大暴发前林间自然种群累积死亡率=95.35％,种群数量消长指数I=1.82,而大暴发后累积死亡率=99.49％,I=0.31。蜀柏毒蛾幼虫会因风或食物欠缺而被迫迁移,但迁移距离很短;而成虫则主动迁飞扩散。两代幼虫皆为6龄,各龄头宽体长的对数值皆依龄数呈直线增长。本文还介绍了该虫幼虫取食量,排粪量,成虫产卵历期,卵块平均卵粒数等重要生物学数据。     

蜀柏毒蛾种群抽样技术的研究

根据蜀柏毒蛾的空间格局参数及株内分布规律,参照Morris(1960)的标准和Iwao(1971)的模型,对蜀柏毒蛾种群样本单元进行选择,确定以株为样本单元,并选择平行线式,Z字形式、棋盘式取样方法,列出了允许误差D=0.05,0.10,0.20,0.50时和不同虫口密度下的理论抽样数表。依照Kuno(1969)模型建立了序贯抽样表。     

基于SSR标记的雪茄烟种质资源指纹图谱库的构建及遗传多样性分析

为从分子水平研究我国雪茄烟种质资源的遗传多样性差异并建立雪茄烟品种的DNA指纹图谱数据库,本研究利用43对多态性好的SSR引物对220份雪茄烟种质进行遗传多样性分析,筛选出14对核心引物对雪茄烟种质进行指纹图谱的构建。结果表明,43对SSR引物在220份雪茄烟种质材料中共扩增出243个等位基因,平均每个标记5.65个,变幅为2~13,每个位点的多态性信息量(polymorphism information content,PIC)变化为0.2078~0.9087,平均为0.6360。有效等位基因数(number of effective alleles,N_e)范围为1.3081~11.7876,平均有效等位基因数为3.9077;观测杂合度(observed heterozygosity,H_o)变化范围为0.0828~0.7639,平均为0.3191;预期杂合度(expected heterozygosity,H_e)的变化范围为0.2361~0.9172,平均为0.6809;种群平均Shannon遗传多样性指数(Shannon genetic diversity index,I)为1.3756,遗传距离在0.0233~0.9286之间,平均遗传距离0.6816。聚类分析表明,在遗传距离为0.74处,可将供试雪茄烟资源分为3个类群。Structure群体遗传结构分析和主成分分析将所有的供试材料划分为2个类群。根据引物的分析和表型鉴定结果,确定良种、辅善和满耳朵,山东大叶和牡丹江05-1,Florida513和CA0701为异名同种,一个品种保留一份种质,剩余216份不同种质。从43对SSR引物中筛选出14对可区分所有供试材料的SSR引物作为核心引物构建了216个雪茄烟品种的指纹图谱。我国雪茄烟种质资源具有较高水平的遗传多样性,本研究构建的雪茄烟种质资源SSR指纹图谱库及遗传分析的结果在分子水平上为筛选、鉴定优质雪茄烟种质资源、挖掘重要基因以及拓宽雪茄烟遗传育种基础等工作提供科学依据。