Yield and water consumption characteristics of wheat/maize intercropping with reduced tillage in an Oasis region

Higher irrigation quota for conventional farming causes substantial conflicts between water supply and demand in agriculture, and wind erosion near soil surface is one of the major causes of farmland degradation and desertification in arid areas. This research investigated the effect of the amounts of irrigation in combination with tillage practices on soil evaporation (E), water consumption (ET) characteristics, and grain yield performance and water use efficiency (WUE) for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) intercropped with maize (Zea mays L.) in strip planting in an Oasis region. The field experiment, conducted at Wuwei station during 2008–2010, had two tillage systems (reduced tillage with wheat stubble retention vs. conventional tillage without stubble retention), and three (low, medium, and high) levels of irrigation, in a randomized complete block design. Averaged across three years, soil evaporation with medium and high levels of irrigation was 6.8% and 5.4% greater than that with low level of irrigation, respectively. Total water consumption of wheat/maize crops under the medium and high irrigation levels was 8.5% and 18.5% greater, respectively, than that under low irrigation. However, grain yields were similar under the medium and high levels of irrigation, so was WUE. The effect of tillage on the wheat/maize intercropping was inconsistent across years or among treatments: soil moisture at harvest was 3.0–7.6% greater in the fields with reduced tillage compared with those with conventional tillage in 2008 and 2009, but no difference was found in 2010; the E/ET ratio of reduced tillage was 9% lower than the ratio under conventional tillage in 2008, 3% higher in 2010, but no difference between the two tillage systems in 2009. Across three years, there was a general trend that the WUE of the wheat/maize intercropping system with reduced tillage was greater (by 4–11%) than that with conventional tillage. We conclude that a medium level of irrigation is sufficient to achieve crop yields and WUE equivalent to those under high level of irrigation, provided that a reduced tillage practice is applied to the wheat/maize intercropping in Oasis areas.     

大型竖井式贯流泵装置的数值模拟与性能预测

基于三维不可压流体的雷诺时均方程和Spalart-Allmaras方程湍流模型,采用SIMPLEC算法,对大型竖井贯流式泵站的全流道进行数值模拟,分析流道的流态和叶轮的静压分布规律,揭示竖井式贯流泵流道流体的流动机理;对泵装置的流量和效率进行预测,并与模型试验结果比较分析.结果表明：出水流道内的流动为轴向流动与环向旋转的螺旋形合运动;叶片的静压分布呈现较为明显的规律,升力面的静压整体上较吸力面要高,且叶片吸力面的静压等值线分布较升力面密.性能预测结果和模型试验结果吻合较好.     

氮素添加对中国苜蓿产量与品质效应的Meta分析

氮素在苜蓿产量累积与品质提升中发挥着重要作用,但其不合理添加不仅会造成资源浪费,还会加剧环境污染,且其添加效应因试验区域、添加模式和种植管理等因素不同存在较大差异。本研究通过整合已发表的相关田间试验数据,利用Meta分析方法定量研究了氮素添加对苜蓿产量与品质（粗蛋白含量、酸性和中性洗涤纤维含量）的效应及主要影响因素。结果表明,与不添加氮素相比,添加氮素可显著提高苜蓿产量与品质,其中产量和粗蛋白含量分别平均提高12.6%（置信区间9.0%~16.2%）和7.3%（置信区间4.1%~10.6%）,酸性和中性洗涤纤维含量分别平均降低5.6%（置信区间3.5%~7.8%）和3.0%（置信区间1.0%~4.9%）。在甘肃,年平均气温<8 ℃和年平均降水量200~400 mm的地区,采用硝酸铵分次施肥及灌溉和播种量为26~30 kg·hm^-2时,更有利于添加氮素对苜蓿产量和粗蛋白含量的提高效应及对酸性和中性洗涤纤维含量的降低效应;但适宜的施氮量及生长年限在产量与品质方面存在差异。该研究可为苜蓿生产力提升及氮营养高效利用提供参考。     

抽蓄机组甩负荷过程压力脉动及流动噪声仿真

为了研究水泵水轮机发电模式下甩负荷过渡过程压力脉动特性及其对流动诱导噪声的影响,以国内某抽水蓄能电站机组为研究对象,基于网格壁面滑移技术与分离涡湍流模型,通过ANSYS软件对瞬态流场进行数值模拟计算,并将所得流场信号作为声场源在LMS软件中进一步开展流动诱导噪声的仿真.结果表明因2个无叶区流态分别受动静干涉(固定导叶与活动导叶间)与动动干涉(活动导叶与转轮间)影响,导叶两侧压力变化趋势完全不同.转轮流道内压力脉动主频位置在叶频St为0.676 3处,水泵水轮机内声场噪声分布呈现明显的偶极子特性,小流量(0.2Q_BEP以下)时内场声压变化相对剧烈,最大声压值高达130.00 dB,最小声压为9.67 dB.不同时刻外声场声压级表现出极为相似的波动性,整体趋势表现为声源强度随流量减小而增加,但是流量变化对噪声指向性分布型式并无影响,说明对水泵水轮机内部压力脉动情况改善有助于降低流动诱导噪声水平.     

近年黄河下游输沙功能的时空变化及其影响因素分析

黄河下游河道输沙功能受自然和人为因素的扰动,对黄河的入海泥沙通量产生深远影响。为探明近年来黄河下游河道输沙功能的演变及其主导因素,基于黄河下游河段各站点2007—2020年实测径流与泥沙资料,计算历年黄河下游河道输沙功能,并结合流域降水、水土保持和引水引沙的变化情况讨论了各因素对输沙功能演变的影响。结果表明:黄河下游河道输沙功能指标在2007—2020年显著下降了约57%,其中花园口—高村段输沙功能指标和其降幅均高于高村—艾山段和艾山—利津段; 黄河下游河道输沙功能演变的主导因素是河床粗化、水土流失综合治理面积增加和引水量增大,三者的相对贡献率分别达37.6%,21.6%,17.5%。河床粗化与引水量增大使输沙功能减弱,与水土流失综合治理对输沙功能的增强作用相反,三者综合作用下黄河下游河道输沙功能近年来呈退化趋势。     

基于废气成分分析和支持向量机的发动机故障诊断

为了实现发动机故障的快速实时诊断,提出了一种基于废气成分分析和支持向量机的发动机故障诊断方法。该方法首先运用NHA500废气分析仪采集发动机典型故障状态下的HC、CO、CO2、O2、NOX等废气参数值,接着对采集到的数据进行规范化处理,提取特征向量作为学习样本,然后用于设计训练基于支持向量机的多元分类器,进行故障类型识别。试验结果表明,采用纠错编码的支持向量机分类方法比神经网络具有更好的抗干扰性和更强的分类能力,在小样本的情况下故障诊断正确率达98.5%,能有效描述废气成分变化和故障状态之间的复杂关系。     

土地整理项目区适宜水面率模型

针对土地开发整理过程中人为因素的作用使水域面积逐步减少、水域功能退化等问题,分析了国内外相关研究进展,确定了研究目标及内容,并依据水文学和农田灌排基本原理,从防洪、抗旱、除涝和环境等多角度出发,对土地开发整理项目区的产汇流和需水容量进行分析;根据土地开发整理项目所在区域的位置、地形、水系条件等提出土地整理项目区适宜水面率分析模型,结合江苏土地整理项目实际,利用自行开发的分析软件进行分区水面率分析计算,结果表明:赣榆县黑林镇土地整理项目区(丘陵)的适宜水面率为4.71%,江苏省丘陵区土地整理项目平均适宜水面率为5.11%,范围为3.5%～7%;滨海县蔡桥镇土地整理项目区(平原)适宜水面率取8.58%,江苏省平原区土地整理项目平均适宜水面率为7.69%,范围为6%～9%.     

The effect of plastic mulch on the fate of urea-N in rain-fed maize production in a semiarid environment as assessed by 15N-labeling

A better understanding of the fate of fertilizer nitrogen (N) is critical to design appropriate N management strategies in plastic-mulched croplands. We evaluated the effects of plastic mulch on urea-N recovery by crops and loss from soil in furrow-ridge plots, with and without maize (Zea mays L.) cropping, in a semi-arid rain-fed site in China. We applied the same rate of urea-N (281 kg ha⁻¹) to all treatments during the preparation of the furrow-ridges in 2011 and 2012 but ¹⁵N-labeled the urea in 2011 only. We used transparent film to cover all soil surfaces in the mulched treatments and seeded maize in furrows in treatments with crop. In 2011, plastic mulch increased the total N uptake in the aboveground biomass of maize by 53%, whereas it decreased the in-season labeled-N uptake by 19%, compared to non-mulched treatment. At harvest in 2011, in mulched treatments the total labeled-N remaining in the 0−170 cm soil layer was 25% greater whereas unaccounted labeled-N was 69% less, than in non-mulched treatments, regardless of whether maize was cropped. In 2012 the effect of mulch on total maize N uptake was comparable to that in 2011, but the residual soil labeled-N uptake by maize was 63% higher in mulched compared to non-mulched treatment. At harvest in 2012, plastic mulch increased total labeled-N remaining in the 0−170 cm depth in cropped soils and unaccounted labeled-N in non-cropped soils, compared with no mulch. Our results indicate that plastic mulch profoundly changes the fate of urea-N in maize production in cold and dry croplands.     

堆渣边坡生态棒护坡措施的水土保持效益

[目的]探究堆渣边坡生态棒防护措施的综合防护效果,为露天采石场裸露边坡的生态修复提供依据。[方法]利用人工降雨模拟试验,收集不同降雨强度下地表层和矿渣层的产流量、产沙量,并建立综合贡献度模型。[结果]随着坡度的增加地表层的径流总量和泥沙总量呈递增趋势,而矿渣层的径流总量和泥沙总量呈递减趋势,与径流总量相比泥沙总量变化趋势不明显;对照组与生态棒防护措施下,地表层的产流—产沙相关性均高于矿渣层;当降雨强度为30和120mm/h时,生态棒防护边坡在坡度为15°时具有较佳的防护效果,当降雨强度为60mm/h时,径流量和泥沙量受坡度变化的影响不显著。[结论]生态棒防护措施具有拦蓄坡面径流和泥沙的功能,与对照组相比可以更有效地防治坡面水土流失。     

137Cs和210Pbex双核素示踪"三北"防护林区退耕前后坡地土壤侵蚀变化

为查明"三北"防护林建设前后农耕地和退耕地土壤保持效益变化，利用137Cs和210Pbex双核素示踪技术，选择了防护林建设较为成功的张家口坝上地区（风力侵蚀区）作为典型区，研究了农耕地以及退耕地土壤137Cs和210Pbex的剖面变化规律及其示踪的土壤侵蚀变化。结果表明：1）由于耕作的混匀作用，农耕地土壤剖面中137Cs和210Pbex均呈均匀态分布；退耕地土壤剖面中137Cs和210Pbex则表现为表层（0～5cm）浓度最高、下层（5～25cm）浓度均相对较低且分布相对均匀的形态，这表明退耕后坡地土壤137Cs和210Pbex剖面形态均会发生一定变化，退耕驱动土壤137Cs和210Pbex剖面变化导致运用土壤核素估算侵蚀模型在该区域难以适用；2）基于土壤137Cs和210Pbex剖面变化规律，利用210Pbex质量平衡方程，提出了退耕地土壤210Pbex土壤侵蚀估算模型；3）利用137Cs比例模型估算退耕地土壤侵蚀速率为27.94±11.92 (t/hm2·a)，农耕地侵蚀速率为29.11±14.42 (t/hm2·a)，而利用修正后的210Pbex转换模型估算得到"三北"防护林区退耕地造林前平均侵蚀速率为82.16±14.36 (t/hm2·a)，造林后平均侵蚀速率为-41.28±33.91 (t/hm2·a)；农耕地造林前平均侵蚀速率为68.55±22.11 (t/hm2·a)，造林后平均侵蚀速率-8.52±47.32 (t/hm2·a)。这表明137Cs示踪技术主要表征了1963年以来该区坡地土壤侵蚀和沉积的平均结果，而210Pbex示踪技术则可以较好地示踪防护林建成前后的土壤侵蚀变化。此外，研究结果也表明，相比于"三北"防护林建成之前，建成之后该区农耕地和退耕地的土壤侵蚀速率均呈显著下降趋势，且均由前期的风沙侵蚀转变成了风沙沉积。