基于图形特征的Green-Ampt入渗模型关键参数Sf和Ks的简化求解

Green—Ampt入渗模型应用广泛，是模拟坡面降雨入渗、产流过程常用的手段，湿润锋平均基质吸力S和表征导水率K是模型中的关键参数。对地表积水入渗过程中湿润区内平均含水率增量△θ（t）进行了定义，对烟台棕壤土积水入渗试验分析表明，在入渗过程中△θ（t）为一常量0．34。根据水量平衡原理得到了Greer-Ampt入渗模型中概化湿润锋磊和实际湿润锋Z^αf的定量关系，并通过对Green．Ampt入渗模型的分析，提出了利用i（t）～I（t）或i（t）-Z^αf之间图形特征关系来确定湿润锋平均基质吸力Sf，和表征导水率Ks的方法。同实测资料相比，利用基于i（t）-I（t）和i（t）-Z^αf图形关系所获Sf和Ks预测的累计入渗量和湿润锋精度较高，整体相对误差小于6％。     

盐含量对餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥腐殖化过程及微生物演变的影响

含盐量过高会对堆肥有机质腐殖化过程产生抑制作用,但作用规律仍不清楚。该研究以餐厨垃圾为研究对象,以不添加盐分的处理为对照,设置添加食用盐的处理作为试验组（添加质量分数分别为0.5%、1%和1.5%）,进行好氧堆肥,研究不同盐分含量对基本腐熟度指标、有机质组成、腐殖质（Humus,HS）的影响,并结合微生物群落结构和相关性统计分析阐明其作用规律。结果表明,4个处理温度、碳氮比（C/N）、有机质组成等达到腐熟要求,但盐分添加提高了堆体电导率（Electrical Conductivity,EC）,添加比例达到1.5%时,高温期缩短至13 d,种子发芽指数（seed Germination Index,GI）降低至65.5%,总有机物降解率降低6.5%,有机质腐殖化过程受到限制。高通量测序和相关性分析的结果表明,添加1.5%盐分主要通过抑制高温双岐菌（Thermobifida）、糖单孢菌（Saccharomonospora）和曲霉（Aspergillus）、毛孢子菌（Trichosporon）的活性,降低总糖、木质纤维素等有机物质的降解和后续HS形成,从而限制餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中腐殖化效果的提升。本研究将为餐厨垃圾等农村有机废弃物处理技术应用提供理论指导。     

腈醛混合物对明亮发光杆菌联合毒性效应

选取腈化合物和醛化合物为研究对象,以明亮发光杆菌为模式生物,以15 min发光抑制为测定终点,测定了10种腈醛化合物的单一急性毒性和55组二元非等毒性比腈醛混合体系的联合毒性,分别建立了腈、醛化合物单一急性毒性的QSAR模型,并提出了非等毒性比腈醛混合化合物对发光菌联合毒性的QSAR模型。结果表明,不同的腈醛混合化合物对发光菌的联合毒性不同,主要呈现协同作用和相加作用。采用QSAR模型定量描述了腈醛类化合物对明亮发光杆菌的联合毒性作用,为环境介质中腈醛的联合生态风险评价和修复提供了理论依据。     

土壤容重对溶质迁移过程的影响

土壤在径流作用下发生流失、土壤溶质迁移等现象,是一个受径流、土壤性质、下垫面特性、土地利用方式等多种因素综合影响的复杂过程.利用斜坡土槽,采用一定的坡度和实验流量,对不同容重的土样进行了室内放水实验,研究了在土壤饱和条件下,土壤容重对土壤溶质迁移过程的影响.实验结果表明:(1)随径流作用时间的增加,单位时间内土壤溶质迁移量逐渐减少,其关系可用幂函数来描述;(2)土壤溶质发生迁移是受地表径流和壤中流共同作用的结果;(3)土壤容重对土壤溶质迁移过程影响总体表现为土壤容重越大,随径流迁移的土壤溶质量越少;(4)土壤容重增加相同幅度,但同时刻随径流迁移的土壤溶质递减量逐渐减少.     

Rainfall interception and stem flow by eucalypt street trees – The impacts of canopy density and bark type

Understanding how trees influence water movement in an urban landscape is important because in an ‘engineered xeriscape’ small changes in rainfall frequency or magnitude have significant implications to plant water availability and mortality at one extreme, and stormwater runoff and flooding at the other. This study relates direct measures of tree canopy interception and discusses their implication for catchment hydrology in different urban landscape contexts. We measured canopy throughfall and stemflow under two eucalypt tree species in an urban street setting over a continuous five month period. Eucalyptus nicholii has a dense canopy and rough bark, whereas Eucalyptus saligna has a less-dense canopy and smooth bark. E. nicholii, with the greater plant area index, intercepted more of the smaller rainfall events, such that 44% of annual rainfall was intercepted as compared to 29% for the less dense E. saligna canopy (2010). Stemflow was less in amount and frequency for the rough barked E. nicholii as compared to the smooth barked E. saligna. However, annual estimates of stemflow to the ground surface for even the smooth barked E. saligna would only offset approximately 10 mm of the 200 mm intercepted by its canopy (2010).Tree canopy and bark characteristics should be considered when planting in pervious green space, or impervious streetscapes, because of their profound impact upon tree and surrounding water availability, soil water recharge or runoff. This study provides an evidence base for tree canopy impacts upon urban catchment hydrology, and suggests that rainfall and runoff reductions of up to 20% are quite possible in impervious streetscapes. Street tree canopies can function as a cost-effective compliment to water sensitive urban design for stormwater reduction benefits.     

生物柴油混合比对柴油机排放颗粒特性的影响

为研究负荷和生物柴油对柴油机排放颗粒的影响,该文利用高分辨率透射电镜研究了电控高压共轨增压中冷柴油机在转速2000r/min、扭矩75和225N·m2种负荷下,燃用混合比为0、10%、50%和100%4种掺混比例(分别记做B0、B10、B50和B100)的黄连木籽生物柴油/柴油混合燃料时,产生排放颗粒的微观形貌和结构。结果表明,除B100产生排放颗粒中基本粒子的形状和粒径分布呈现出不规则性外,其余燃料的排放颗粒均由球形的基本粒子构成且粒径具有单分散特性;基本粒子具有多层类石墨微晶结构,碳层之间受到扭转和平移,存在无序内核区;B100在转速2000r/min、扭矩225N·m工况时的基本粒子平均粒径为45.57nm,与其余3种混合燃料排放颗粒的粒径相差很大。负荷和掺混比例在50%以内的生物柴油/柴油混合燃料对基本粒子的平均粒径影响不大。研究结果可为柴油机颗粒生成机理和后处理系统的设计提供参考。     

土壤的硝化－反硝化作用因素研究进展

该文综述了土壤硝化－反硝化作用的机理和影响因素的研究进展,对减少氮素损失的途径进行了总结,旨在提高土壤氮素利用率,为进一步研究灌施尿素条件下不同容重及水肥调控下土壤的硝化－反硝化作用提供参考。      

考虑辐射改进Hargreaves模型计算川中丘陵区参考作物蒸散量

为提高Hargreaves-Samani(H-S)模型对参考作物蒸散量(reference crop evapotranspiration,ET0)的计算精度,利用川中丘陵区13个代表站点1954~2013年近60 a逐日数据,依据贝叶斯原理并考虑辐射的影响对H-S模型进行改进,并以Penman-Monteith(P-M)模型为标准,对其在川中丘陵区的适用性进行评价。结果表明:1)H-S改进模型与P-M模型ET0计算结果变化趋势基本一致;2)与H-S模型相比,在3个区域H-S改进模型计算的ET0旬值平均绝对误差分别由0.93、0.95、0.93 mm/d下降到0.15、0.19、0.28 mm/d,且3个区域ET0旬值拟合方程斜率分别由1.45、1.39、1.45变为0.89、0.94、0.90,Kendall一致系数由0.70、0.80、0.82提高到0.88、0.92、0.94,拟合效果与计算精度均明显提高;3)在3~10月的作物主要生长期,3个区域ET0月值平均绝对误差分别由0.89、1.14、1.28 mm/d下降到0.46、0.29、0.21 mm/d,ET0月值回归拟合方程斜率及一致性均明显提高;4)H-S改进模型随海拔升高计算精度有所降低,H-S改进模型全年内计算精度最大可提高47%,尤其在作物主要生长期,精度最大提高了48%。因此,H-S改进模型可显著提高ET0计算精度,在海拔较低的区域尤为明显,可作为川中丘陵区ET0计算的简化推荐模型。     

太湖流域农村黑臭河流表层沉积物营养盐的污染特征

[目的]分析农村黑臭河道沉积物中营养盐的空间分布情况和形态构成特征并给予分析与评价,为认识河流污染现状、黑臭河流治理和太湖富营养化防治提供基础数据。[方法]以江苏省宜兴市周铁镇掌下浜(北段)为例,沿河流从上游到入河河口共采集了13个沉积物表层样,分析其总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝氮(NO_3~--N)、有机氮(Org-N)、有机碳(TOC)的空间分布特征,并对表层沉积物中碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)的组分分布进行耦合分析以及污染状况评价。[结果]Org-N是河流表层沉积物中氮素的主要成分,平均值为2 193.69mg/kg,占TN质量分数的90.86%;各采样点处TN,Org-N,TP和TOC含量从上游到下游总体呈现波动中上升趋势,最高值分别是最低值的2.98,3.46,6.29和1.59倍;NH_4~+-N含量的变化趋势是缓慢上升而后急速下降,而NO_3~--N含量呈现出缓慢下降而后急速上升;各采样点C/N均值为12.07,有机物以外源输入为主,TOC与TN含量具有极显著正相关(p0.01,n=13);C/P均值为2.04,TOC与TP具有显著正相关(p0.05,n=13);N/P均值为2.04,TN与TP具有极显著正相关(p0.01,n=13),N,P污染具有同源性。[结论]太湖流域农村黑臭河流沉积物环境状况属有机污染,其中氮污染程度属有机氮污染状态。     

The yield gap of mango in Phrao,Thailand, as investigated through comparative performance evaluation

Farmers in Phrao, north Thailand, have often, on a “trial-and-error” basis, planted mango (Mangifera indica L.) in orchards composed of mango, lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and longan (Dimocarpus longan Loureiro). This met with varying success. In 1993, a comparative performance analysis (CPA) of 45 orchards containing mango was done to identify land and management aspects that condition the level of the mango productivity. The orchards were often situated on podzolic soils on hills, footslopes, and terraces that dry out deeply during the dry season. Yields were expressed in farm-gate prices since middlemen purchased the produce from farmers “on the tree”. With many orchards having “low” yields and 18 having “0” yield, the yield data had a loglinear distribution. Using data from all sites, a final model that estimates Ln(yield+1) was derived; it quantifies contributions to the total yield gap for each identified specific yield constraint. It suggests that yields increased if: (i) it was not an “off” year (caused by the biennial bearing behaviour of mango; use of growth regulators may remedy this); (ii) the orchard was situated on a hill or on soils with a relatively high pH or poor water holding capacity (mostly shallow soils with SCL topsoil; water stress causes crop dormancy and induces flower initiation); (iii) the possibility existed to apply supplemental irrigation water (orchards having a growth flush or in a fruit bearing stage require adequate water management possibly including supplemental irrigation); (iv) in established orchards weeding by tractor was practised (this causes root pruning that affects the trees physiological cycle); (v) pruning was practised (this was normally done to remove branches damaged by stem boring caterpillars, all orchards suffered from this serious problem); (vi) spraying by motor sprayer was done that dispenses pesticides, preferably Azodrin (monocrotophos), deep into the canopy. Based on data covering one production season only, the model suggests that environmental factors (location and pH) account for some 30% of the yield gap defined by the difference of the average production situation with the anticipated best one, that management factors account for 49% and the year effect (species attribute) for 21%. Management of mango orchards requires use of up-to-date technology since responses provide exponential returns. It not only demands that farmers are knowledgeable and experienced but also that a well-informed extension service collaborates closely with researchers.