创新方法在农业领域科研项目实施过程中的应用

本文基于创新方法在我国农业领域科研项目中的应用现状,总结概括了其在实施过程中不同的创新特征,以“七大作物育种为例”分析了创新方法应用过程中存在的问题及相关建议,为创新方法在科研项目实施过程中发挥驱动作用提供参考,提高科研创新效率。     

基于二次正交旋转组合设计的西葫芦果实 贮前热处理条件的优化

为明确热水处理减轻西葫芦果实冷害的最佳处理条件，以“绿丰”西葫芦为材料，电解质外渗率y为冷害的表征指标，在单因素试验基础上，采用二次正交旋转组合试验设计，研究热处理温度x₁、热处理时间x₂对西葫芦果实表征函数影响，并经统计分析，建立数学模型。 结果表明，所得回归方程为y= 142.608 647-0.690 821x₂ + 0.051 444 x₁² + 0.007 499 x₂²，达到极显著水平，且无失拟因素存在；在热处理（43.3℃、28.4 min）的最佳工艺条件下，于（4±0.5）℃低温下胁迫10 d后西葫芦果实电解质外渗率实测值为33.41%，与理论值相对误差为0.95%，较未处理组降低了27.26%。该试验优化西葫芦果实冷害减轻的热处理工艺参数准确可靠、稳定、可行，为西葫芦采后贮藏技术与果蔬冷害防治的进一步研究提供了一定的技术依据。     

不同贮藏温度结合热处理对黄瓜品质及生理生化指标的影响

利用二次回归正交旋转组合设计测出的不同贮藏温度（2、4和8℃）下各自对应的最佳热处理条件，研究不同贮藏温度（2、4和8℃）结合其对应的最佳热处理条件对贮藏期间黄瓜果实品质及生理生化指标的影响，分别对该贮藏条件下黄瓜果实的冷害、硬度、失重率、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、可溶性蛋白、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、H₂O₂、超氧阴离子自由基O^2-?、ASA和GSH含量进行测定。结果表明，热处理可以抑制冷害，而热处理结合4℃低温贮藏可以有效地抑制黄瓜果实硬度和失重率的下降，延缓过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的上升，抑制H₂O₂和超氧阴离子自由基O^2-?的上升，对黄瓜的褐变有显著抑制作用，延缓抗坏血酸的下降，维持还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量，有利于调节活性氧系统的平衡。研究表明，在4℃贮藏条件下，黄瓜的热水处理条件为39.4℃、24.3 min时，可延缓黄瓜果实的衰老，较好地保持了果实的品质。     

超重力处理对大白菜生理生化特性影响的研究

以新丰抗90白菜种子为试验材料,在1 000×g、2 000×g、4 000×g 3种不同超重力的条件下分别处理20、40、60 min后,幼苗期采取叶片测定其游离脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性。结果显示,2 000×g,40 min处理游离普氨酸含量最低;4 000×g,60 min处理游离脯氨酸含量最高,与对照相比,所有处理均抑制游离普氨酸的形成。1 000×g,20 min处理后的POD活性最高;2 000×g,60 min处理后的POD活性最低,但高于对照,超重力处理能显著提高POD活性。1 000×g,40 min处理SOD活性最高,4 000×g,60 min处理SOD活性最低,适宜的超重力处理有利于提高SOD活性。     

冲击式速冻设备上下送风速度对虾仁冻结过程的影响

随着人们对速冻食品品质的要求不断提高,商家对食品速冻技术的要求也在不断提高,冲击式速冻技术作为目前先进的速冻技术之一成为研究热点。但由于其高速射流冲击导致的内部换热区流场的不均匀会造成设备换热效率差,能效比低等问题。为找到使得设备换热区流场最优的送风速度,该文以明虾虾仁为研究对象,利用数值模拟结合试验验证的方法研究了冲击式速冻设备中上下送风速度对虾仁冻结过程的影响,分为上下两侧风速保持一致且同时改变;上侧送风速度为15 m/s、下侧为0~15 m/s;以及下侧送风速度为15 m/s、上侧为0~15 m/s 3个试验组进行研究。研究结果为:当冲击式速冻设备两侧送风速度保持一致时,随着风速的增大,虾仁冻结时长缩短但减小幅度也会不断减小;当上下两侧送风速度大小相差悬殊时,两股冲击射流相对冲击会在低速侧形成促进虾仁表面流场流动的涡流,提高换热效率,减小虾仁冻结时长;当上下两侧送风速度大小相差不大时,两股冲击射流相对冲击会在虾仁表面形成流速较低的射流"真空区",降低虾仁换热效率,增大虾仁冻结时长;在试验的两侧送风速度范围内,当上侧送风速度为15 m/s,下侧送风速度为2 m/s时,虾仁对流换热强度最大,冻结时长最短。     

非热处理对蜂花粉杀菌效果及品质的影响

为探究更有利于保留蜂花粉原有营养和风味的杀菌方法,本研究分别用辐照、超高压和高压静电场3种非热杀菌技术处理蜂花粉,并测定营养及风味的指标。结果表明,7 kGy辐照、500 MPa超高压、30 kV高场强处理对蜂花粉中的微生物均有抑制作用,且辐照对细菌的抑制效果较好,超高压和高压静电场对真菌的抑制效果较好。经500 MPa超高压处理后,蜂花粉脂类含量增加了23.3%,酚酸等活性成分含量增加,且其抗氧化活性降低程度最小,颜色和风味最接近未处理蜂花粉;30 kV高场强处理后,蜂花粉抗氧化活性显著下降、颜色偏深偏暗;7 kGy辐照处理后产生了明显的辐照味。综上,蜂花粉经超高压灭菌能达到较好的杀菌效果,而且能最大限度保持蜂花粉原有品质。本研究为非热杀菌技术在蜂花粉加工产业中的应用提供了理论依据。     

Antiinflammatory activity of glucomoringin isothiocyanate in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Glucomoringin (4(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl glucosinolate) (GMG) is an uncommon member of glucosinolate group belonging to the Moringaceae family, of which Moringa oleifera Lam. is the most widely distributed. Bioactivation of GMG with the enzyme myrosinase forms the corresponding isothiocyanate (4(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl isothiocyanate) (GMG-ITC), which can play a key role in antitumoral activity and counteract the inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of GMG-ITC treatment in an experimental mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating disease with neurodegeneration characterized by demyelinating plaques, neuronal, and axonal loss.For this reason, C57Bl/6 male mice were injected with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35–55 which is able to evoke an autoimmune response against myelin fibers miming human multiple sclerosis physiopatogenesis.Results clearly showed that the treatment was able to counteract the inflammatory cascade that underlies the processes leading to severe MS. In particular, GMG-ITC was effective against proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Oxidative species generation including the influence of iNOS, nitrotyrosine tissue expression and cell apoptotic death pathway was also evaluated resulting in a lower Bax/Bcl-2 unbalance. Taken together, this work adds new interesting properties and applicability of GMG-ITC and this compound can be suggested as a useful drug for the treatment or prevention of MS, at least in association with current conventional therapy.     

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Detectable Antibodies in Equids in Alabama

A cross-sectional serological survey was carried out to screen the equine population of the nonendemic state of Alabama for the presence of detectable antibody titers against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. A second objective was to determine the association of detectable titers with risk factors such as exposure to ruminants or previous travel to endemic states. A total of 342 equine serum samples from 40 Alabama counties were analyzed using the synergistic hemolysis inhibition test (SHI). The prevalence of detectable antibody titers (≥1:8) was 52.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 47%–57.9%). Titers ≥1:128 were detected in 2.63% (95% CI, 1.2%–4.9%), and titers ≥1:512 were detected in 0.3% (95% CI, 0%–1.6%) of the sampled population. In the final generalized linear model, age (P < .001), breed (P = .023), and contact with cattle (P = .05) were associated with increasing SHI titers. Contact with goats was associated in the initial but not in the final analysis (P = .19). Previous travel was not associated with increasing SHI titer (P = .97). The results demonstrated a high prevalence of low detectable titers and low prevalence of titers ≥ 1:128 in a nonendemic population. Further evaluation of SHI cutoff titers and accuracy is warranted to reduce the risk of a false positive diagnosis.     

Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria or synthetic TLR2 agonist boost the growth of chicken embryo intestinal organoids in cultures comprising epithelial cells and myofibroblasts

The intestinal epithelial cells reside in close proximity to myofibroblasts and microbiota, which are supposed to have an impact on intestinal stem cells fate and to influence processes of tissue maturation and regeneration. Mechanism underlying these phenomena and their diversity among vertebrates can be studied in 3D organoid cultures. We investigated the growth of chicken embryo intestinal epithelial organoids in Matrigel with and without Toll-like receptors (TLRs) stimulation. The organoid cultures contained also some myofibroblasts with potential to promote intestinal stem cell survival. Organoid cells, expressing TLR4, TLR2 type 1 and TLR2 type 2 were incubated with their agonists (lipopolysaccharide – LPS and Pam3CSK4) or co-cultured with Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria (LA-5). Pam3CSK4 and LA-5 promoted organoid growth, which was demonstrated by comparing the morphological parameters (mean number and area of organoids). The profile of prostaglandins (PG), known to promote intestinal regeneration, in supernatants from organoid and fibroblast cultures were evaluated. Both PGE₂ and PGD₂ were detected. As compared to unstimulated controls, supernatants from the Pam3CSK4-stimulated organoids contained twice as much of PGE₂ and PGD₂. The changes in production of prostaglandins and the support of epithelial cell growth by myofibroblasts are factors potentially responsible for stimulatory effect of TLR2 activation.     

Vitamin C in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) flower buds as affected by postharvest light,UV-B irradiation and temperature

In this study, the changes in vitamin C, l-ascorbic acid (AA) and l-dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) levels in broccoli flower buds were examined during pre-storage and storage periods, simulating refrigerated transport with wholesale distribution and retail, respectively. Broccoli heads were pre-stored for 4 or 7 days at 0 °C or 4 °C in the dark and then stored for 3 days at 10 °C or 18 °C. During storage the broccoli heads were exposed for 12 h per day to three different levels of visible light (13, 19 or 25 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) or a combination of visible light (19 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and UV-B irradiation (20 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹), or they were stored in the dark. The vitamin C content in broccoli flower buds during storage was significantly affected by pre-storage period and temperature. Higher vitamin C levels in flower buds after storage were observed for broccoli heads pre-stored for 4 days or at 0 °C as compared to those pre-stored for 7 days or at 4 °C. Storage temperature also affected vitamin C in broccoli flower buds, with higher levels observed for broccoli stored at 10 °C than at 18 °C. Hence, vitamin C in broccoli flower buds was demonstrated to decrease together with increasing pre-storage period, pre-storage temperature and storage temperature. AA in broccoli flower buds was influenced mainly by storage temperature and to a minor extent by pre-storage temperature. The DHA level and DHA/AA ratio were stable in flower buds of broccoli pre-stored for 7 days, whereas increasing tendencies for both DHA level and ratio were observed after pre-storage for 4 days. These results indicate a shift in the ascorbate metabolism in broccoli flower buds during storage at low temperatures, with its higher rate observed for broccoli pre-stored for shorter time. There were no effects of the light and UV-B irradiation treatments on vitamin C, AA and DHA levels in broccoli flower buds.