Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 10⁷ and 6.15 × 10⁷ Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist.     

表达H3N2亚型猪流感病毒HA基因重组伪狂犬病病毒的构建

将SV40启动子控制下的LacZ基因表达盒和CMV启动子控制下的H3N2亚型猪流感病毒（SIV H3N2）的HA基因插入到伪狂犬病病毒（PRV）通用转移载体pBdTK-Uni中，获得转移载体pLTK-HA。将该载体与PRV Bartha-K61株基因组DNA通过脂质体法共转染Vero细胞，经过10代蓝斑筛选、纯化和PCR鉴定获得了一株插入SIV HA基因的重组伪狂犬病病毒，命名为rPRV-HA。Western blotting和间接免疫荧光试验证实HA基因在重组病毒感染的细胞中获得了表达。用不同的细胞（PK-15、IBRS-2、Vero和鸡胚成纤维细胞）对该重组病毒与亲本病毒的增殖滴度和致细胞病变进行比较，未见显著差异，对第30代重组病毒的HA基因进行序列分析，表明该重组病毒遗传性状稳定。     

Cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone I exhibit strong inhibition towards human liver microsome (HLM)-catalyzed propofol glucuronidation

Danshen is one of the most famous herbs in the world, and more and more danshen–prescribed drugs interactions have been reported in recent years. Evaluation of inhibition potential of danshen's major ingredients towards UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) will be helpful for understanding detailed mechanisms for danshen–drugs interaction. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the inhibitory situation of cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone I towards UGT enzyme-catalyzed propofol glucuronidation. In vitro the human liver microsome (HLM) incubation system was used, and the results showed that cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone I exhibited dose-dependent inhibition towards HLM-catalyzed propofol glucuronidation. Dixon plot and Lineweaver–Burk plot showed that the inhibition type was best fit to competitive inhibition type for both cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone I. The second plot using the slopes from the Lineweaver–Burk plot versus the concentrations of cryptotanshinone or dihydrotanshinone I was employed to calculate the inhibition parameters (K_i) to be 0.4 and 1.7 μM, respectively. Using the reported maximum plasma concentration (C_max), the altered in vivo exposure of propofol increased by 10% and 8.2% for the co-administration of dihydrotanshinone I and cryptotanshinone, respectively. All these results indicated the possible danshen–propofol interaction due to the inhibition of dihydrotanshinone I and cryptotanshinone towards the glucuronidation reaction of propofol.     

嫩江中游讷河江段瓦氏雅罗鱼生物学研究

2005年4月对江段瓦氏雅罗鱼2只船渔获物234尾进行渔业生物学研究。捕捞群体平均体长16.6 cm(15～29.5 cm),平均体重151.4 g(50～300 g),年龄由1~ ～5~ 龄组成,2~ 占36%；绝对生殖力为8050～12448粒/g,平均为3700粒/g；相对生殖力9. 04～100.6粒/g,平均为34.3粒/g；肥满度系数雌性为0.9436～2.0547%,平均为1.999%。雄性为1.4577～2.054%,平均为1.6262%。捕捞数量2005年春汛6.75 t。嫩江中游讷河江段瓦氏雅罗鱼资源呈现小型化、低龄化趋势；渔业资源呈下降趋势,亟待采取限定捕捞规格的保护措施。     

Effects of Cd and Pb on the survival and juvenile production of Sinella coeca and Folsomia candida

Degradation factors can cause both quantitative and qualitative changes in fauna and thus affect soil functioning. The use of bio-indicators may help to detect environmental changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lead and cadmium on the biology (mortality, reproduction, egg hatching) of two euedaphic collembolans, Sinella coeca and Folsomia candida and to evaluate sensitivity differences between the two species. The results showed that low concentrations of lead did not cause dramatic effects on the survival and reproduction of both species. Reproduction of both species was reduced when the soil contained a nominal concentration of Pb at 1000 μg g^–1. S. coeca and F. candida showed a high sensitivity to cadmium and both their reproduction and survival were significantly reduced on exposure to 50 μg g^–1. Moreover, egg hatching of F. candida was affected by the cadmium concentrations in the soil, and by the amount of time that the eggs stayed in contact with cadmium. This study showed that the inhibition determined by Cd on F. candida juvenile production was caused in part by inhibition of deposition and, in part, by reduction of egg viability.     

中国干旱区积雪面积产品去云处理方法验证与评估

针对MODIS每日积雪产品中云覆盖现象严重这一问题,以中国干旱区作为研究对象,结合AMSR-E被动微波雪深数据,采用多时相、多传感器数据融合的方法进行去云处理,获取MODIS每日,4 d,8 d和MODIS与AMSR-E融合后的每日,4 d与8 d共6种新的积雪产品,并分别提取其积雪持续日数（SCD）。对比结果显示,MODIS与AMSR-E多传感器的阈值法4日融合产品在融合算法效率、云去除效果和融合后保持较高分类精度方面均有较好表现,其融合后的无云产品在全天气条件下具有96%的整体分类精度、80%的雪分类精度和99%的陆地分类精度,大大高于研究区原MODIS Terra-Aqua每日融合积雪产品全天候条件下64%,32%和70%的整体、雪、陆分类精度;并且由其提取的积雪持续日数不仅在最大程度上保持了原MODIS产品高的空间分辨率,而且精度较高,对研究区积雪的空间分布状况有很好反映。     

农杆菌介导的smt1富硒基因转化紫花苜蓿研究

利用遗传转化,将硒富基因转入紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）是提高苜蓿富硒能力,解决当前硒不足问题的有效途径之一。本研究以“中苜1号”紫花苜蓿为受体材料,通过农杆菌介导法将来自硒超富集植物二沟黄芪(Astragalus bisulcatus)的硒代半胱氨酸甲基转移酶基因(smt1)转入苜蓿,并以3 mg·L-1潮霉素进行筛选,获得转化植株10株。结果表明,5株均能扩增出与smt1基因大小相符的条带。RT PCR检测结果表明,2株目的基因表达呈阳性,这表明smt1基因已成功转入紫花苜蓿基因组中,且可以在植株中正常表达。     

S无刺卡因菠萝果实发育期间香气物质的变化

采用顶空固相微萃取技术和气质联用仪测定不同发育期卡因菠萝果实的香气成分,以了解果实发育期间香气物质的变化.结果表明,无刺卡因果实在成熟的4个阶段共有香气成分69种,主要为酯类和烯类,其中己酸甲酯、辛酸甲酯、正己酸乙酯等成分是卡因菠萝的主要香气成分.卡因菠萝不同发育时期果实香气物质的种类和相对含量均有明显差异.     

东北三省15株致病性嗜水气单胞菌分离株的药敏实验分析

该研究对于合理使用抗菌药物并有效防治鲤鱼细菌性败血症提供一定的理论依据。采用细菌生化编码鉴定管与分子生物学方法(嗜水气单胞菌特异性16S rDNA及气溶素Aer基因的部分片段进行扩增),对从东北三省淡水鱼主养区患病鲤鱼体内分离并鉴定得到的15株致病性嗜水气单胞菌进行药敏分析试验。17种常见药物的药敏实验结果表明,东北三省的15个致病性嗜水气单胞菌分离株表现出较均一的耐药性及敏感度:对左氟沙星、多粘菌素B、氧氟沙星较敏感,而对苯唑青霉素、替考拉丁、氨苄青霉素和林可霉素耐药性极强,但仍有部分菌株表现出不同程度的耐药性及敏感度的变化趋势,值得进一步深入研究。     

融合面向对象与缨帽变换的湿地覆被类别遥感提取方法

为了有效提取湿地覆被类别遥感信息,该文基于国产环境星影像(HJ-CCD)和Landsat7遥感影像(ETM)提出了一种融合面向对象技术和缨帽变换的提取湿地覆被信息的方法,并对东洞庭湖区的湿地进行提取。遥感提取结果的总体精度90.02%,Kappa系数0.88,高于传统的分类方法分类的量化结果;获得的结果没有"椒盐现象"且比较紧致。试验结果表明融合面向对象和缨帽变换的方法能够有效的提取湿地覆被类别,精度高,效果好。研究结果为有效地利用遥感手段提取湿地覆被信息提供参考。