南京地区斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘水体微生物群落结构研究

微生物群落在水产养殖中起着重要作用,深入了解微生物群落组成及其构建机制对了解池塘生态功能具有重要意义。本研究采用高通量测序技术对南京地区斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)养殖池塘水体中细菌群落结构特征进行了分析。结果显示,斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘水体细菌群落结构呈现出明显的季节性变化,整个年度水体细菌群落呈现出连续的演替特征,冬季与春季、夏季与秋季的细菌群落结构较为相似。优势菌群主要为蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)。环境因子中,总溶解性悬浮物(TDS)、水温(Temp)、酸碱度(pH)、亚硝酸盐(NO_2~--N)和总有机碳(TOC)与斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘水体细菌群落结构有显著相关(P0.05),对细菌群落结构的塑造影响也最大(r~20.6)。     

稻麦两熟制下秸秆还田模式的产量和经济效益分析

明确不同秸秆还田模式对小麦、水稻产量和经济效益的影响,对推广秸秆还田具有重要意义。利用稻麦复种长期田间定位试验2012-2018年的数据,分析了秸秆不还田（S0）、麦秸还田（WS）、稻秸还田（RS）和稻麦秸均还田（WRS）4种秸秆还田模式对作物产量、氮肥利用率、秸秆增产率、秸秆边际产量和秸秆农学利用率的影响。结果表明：秸秆还田均增加水稻产量,其中RS和WRS模式增产效果均显著大于WS模式;小麦产量随秸秆还田年限呈“减产-稳产-增产”的变化趋势。秸秆的周年增产率和农学利用率分别为5.65%~13.60%和0.11~0.17kg/kg。与RS模式相比,WRS模式属于秸秆过量还田,其秸秆增产效率降低。秸秆还田提高稻麦氮肥周年利用率1.67~4.01kg/kg,其中RS和WRS模式较WS模式更利于作物的氮吸收。WS、RS和WRS模式的稻田周年净收益较不还田模式分别增加1 690、4 875和4 177元/（hm²·年）,其中RS和WRS模式均显著高于WS模式。综合以上结果,麦季稻秸还田模式（RS）既可提高还田秸秆利用率,又可增加稻田净收益,推荐在稻麦两熟农田采用。     

围垦对滨海稻田土壤N2O还原潜力的影响

稻田湿地生态系统的N₂O还原消耗潜力对缓解大气温室气体效应具有重要意义，而滨海自然湿地围垦改造成稻田后耕层土壤的N₂O还原速率及其微生物机制却鲜有报道。选取崇明岛光滩湿地为对照（WK0），比较研究不同围垦年限（19、27、51、86 a）的围垦区稻田耕作层土壤N₂O还原速率演替规律及其微生物数量变异特征。结果表明，土壤总有机碳含量（TOC）随围垦年限增长而显著增加，而土壤pH值、SO₄^2-浓度和EC值则均随围垦年限增长而呈逐渐下降趋势。土壤N₂O还原速率随围垦年限增长而显著增加，其中围垦86 a稻田土壤达到25.5 μg N₂O·g^-1·d^-1，与光滩湿地相比增加了58.4%。定量PCR结果发现，功能基因nosZ Ⅰ和nosZ Ⅱ拷贝数也随着围垦年限增长而显著增加，其中围垦86 a的稻田土壤功能基因分别为1.72×10⁸ copies·g^-1和4.36×10⁸ copies· g^-1，比光滩湿地稻田高出一个数量级。相关性分析发现土壤N₂O还原速率与功能基因nosZ Ⅰ拷贝数呈显著正相关，而功能基因nosZ Ⅱ拷贝数随围垦年限的增加率远高于功能基因nosZ Ⅰ；N₂O还原速率、功能基因nosZ Ⅰ、nosZ Ⅱ拷贝数与3个土壤理化指标（pH、EC、SO₄^2-）均呈负相关。因此，围垦造田促进了滨海湿地土壤N₂O还原过程，而功能基因nosZ Ⅰ数量的大幅增加是N₂O还原速率增加的重要原因。     

Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fungivorous nematodes on the growth and arsenic uptake of tobacco in arsenic-contaminated soils

The effects of inoculation with two AM fungi (M1, Glomus caledonium; M2, Glomus spp. and Acaulospora spp.) and a fungivorous nematode Aphelenchoides sp. on growth and arsenic (As) uptake of Nicotiana tabacum L. were investigated in soils contaminated with a range of As. The reproduction of Aphelenchoides sp. was triggered by the co-inoculation of AM fungi regardless of AM fungal isolates and As levels. Stimulative effects of Aphelenchoides sp. on the development of mycorrhiza, slightly different between two AM fungi, were found particularly at the lowest As level. Irrespective of mycorrhizal inoculi, increasing soil As level decreased plant growth, but increased plant As uptake. Co-inoculation of AM fungi and Aphelenchoides sp. led plants to achieving further growth and greater As accumulation at the lowest As level. Results showed that the interactions between AM fungi and fungivorous nematodes were important in plant As tolerance and phytoextraction at low level As-polluted soil.     

Home field advantage of cattle manure decomposition affects the apparent nitrogen recovery in production grasslands

Based on evidence from forest ecosystems that litter decomposition is highest in its home habitat, the so-called home field advantage (HFA), we tested whether HFA also occurs in production grasslands, to which solid cattle manure (SCM) was applied. Two dairy farms were selected which differed in type of home-produced SCM (stacked or composted) and soil type (sand or peat). Disappearance patterns of manure dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) were monitored from litterbags (4 mm mesh size) during the grass growing season. At the same time, apparent herbage N recovery (ANR) of SCM, applied at two rates (200 and 400 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), was measured. On average, manure DM and N disappearances on the home farms were 20 and 14% greater, respectively, than on away farms. Differences in ANR were also very pronounced (on average 14 and 53% higher at home than away for the two respective application rates). The two SCM types were also studied on two neighbouring dairy farms (one on sand and one on peat soil) where no SCM had been applied for many years. Here, manure DM and N disappearances from the litterbags were much lower (P < 0.01). This experiment provides strong evidence for a home field advantage in production grasslands differing in fertilization history, showing that site-specific manure management affects the soil–plant interactions regulating plant N-availability. These findings have to be taken into account when changing fertilization regimes in production grasslands. This is the first report to quantify a HFA from an agricultural ecosystem. HFA values we report here have not been established in any ecosystem thus far.     

Agronomic performance of late-season rice under different tillage,straw, and nitrogen management

In double rice-cropping system in China, zero tillage in late-season rice with straw return from early season rice is an emerging technology for saving inputs, shortening the lag time between rice crops, avoiding straw burning, and conserving natural resources. The objective of this 2-year field study was to determine the effects of tillage and straw return on N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency of late-season rice. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with four combinations of tillage and straw return as main plots and three N management practices as subplots. Tillage was either conventional soil puddling or zero tillage with newly harvested crop residue from early season rice either removed or placed on the soil surface without incorporation. The N treatments were zero-N control, site-specific N management (SSNM), and farmers’ N-fertilizer practice (FFP). Straw return regardless of tillage or N management did not reduce rice yield. In the second year, straw return significantly increased grain yield in the zero-N control. Chlorophyll meter readings at heading and total N uptake at maturity were higher with straw return in the zero-N control, suggesting that straw provides nutrients to rice in the late growing period. Zero tillage did not reduce N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency compared with conventional tillage. Despite large differences in timing and rate of N application between FFP and SSNM, these two N treatments resulted in comparable N uptake and grain yield of late-season rice regardless of tillage and straw return. These results suggest that zero tillage after early rice with straw return could replace conventional tillage for late rice in the double rice-cropping system in China.     

江苏省流域生态管理的若干问题研究

在分析江苏省流域管理现状及存在的问题基础上,对实施流域生态管理过程中涉及的若干问题研究,提出:①完善流域生态管理的政策支撑体系,要有相关法律法规制度保障、有完善的规划体系可执行;②改革流域管理体制,打破流域与行政区域的隔阂,建立江苏省流域委员会;③创新流域生态管理机制,建立流域安全机制、生态补偿机制、流域协作轴线、多参与流域决策系统和虚拟水战略等;④强化流域生态管理的技术支持,施行生态管理技术和数字流域建设等。     

EM38在黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化快速检测中的应用研究

针对目前黄河三角洲地区存在的土壤盐渍障碍问题,以该地区典型地块为研究对象,电磁感应仪EM38检测与田间采样相结合,分析土壤电导率的剖面分布特征,建立磁感式表观电导率与土壤电导率间的回归模型,并对运用电磁感应仪EM38划分土壤盐渍剖面类型进行探讨。结果表明:研究区表层土壤盐分具有较强的表聚性与变异强度,剖面各土层电导率间存在着关联性;土壤电导率与磁感表观电导率EMh、EMv间呈极显著的相关关系和对数相关关系,EMh对浅层土壤电导率的解译精度较高,对深层土壤电导率、EMv的解译精度要高于EMh;利用电磁感应仪EM38可将研究区土壤盐渍剖面准确划分为表聚型、底聚型与均匀型三种类型,其中表聚型与底聚型是研究区最主要的盐渍剖面类型,进一步的统计分析证明了采用电磁感应仪EM38对土壤盐渍剖面的分类结果具有较高的精度与可信度。该结果对研究黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化的发生机理、预测与评估该地区土壤盐渍化的发生发展具有重要参考意义。     

江苏省畜禽粪便污染现状与防治对策

根据2000年以来江苏省畜禽饲养状况的有关资料,利用各类畜禽粪便日排泄系数估算畜禽粪便量,在此基础上计算江苏省各地畜禽粪便污染负荷量。研究发现,江苏省畜禽养殖业产生的粪便及各类污染物数量巨大,盐城市产生的粪便及各类污染物居全省首位,南通市次之;江苏省畜禽粪便污染负荷量平均为16.5t/(hm~2·a),南通市畜禽粪便污染负荷量最高,达26.7t/(hm~2·a)。全省畜禽粪便污染负荷最高的县是南通市的海安县,其次是盐城市的盐都县。最后本文分析了畜禽粪便污染环境的主要原因并提出了畜禽养殖污染防治的对策。     

秸秆和Eh对稻田土壤溶解性有机质组成及金属释放的影响

为探究秸秆添加对氧化还原条件变化下稻田土壤重金属释放的影响,本文选取典型重金属污染稻田土壤,通过微宇宙试验结合三维荧光光谱等手段,分析了土壤溶液化学性质、溶解性有机质（DOM）、金属释放之间的动态关系。结果表明：添加秸秆增加了厌氧期Fe、Mn、As、Cd等金属的释放,同时影响了DOM组成。土壤DOM中类蛋白（C3）含量在培养期总体降低（P<0.05）;类腐殖质含量呈现厌氧期上升、好氧期下降的趋势。结构方程模型（SEM）分析显示,Eh的变化与Mn和As的溶出显著负相关（路径系数分别为-0.662和-0.528,P<0.01）,同时,Eh还通过影响土壤类腐植酸C2（路径系数-0.816,P<0.01）控制As的释放（路径系数0.244,P<0.05）。因此,稻田土壤干湿交替造成的Eh变化和秸秆还田措施不仅可直接影响重金属的溶出,也可通过DOM含量和组成进一步控制其释放。