建设节约型楼房养猪模式

2021年3月份的时候，生猪价格还维持在30元/kg（15元1斤）左右，从此开始了断崖式的下滑，一路下滑到每斤6元左右，直接跌破成本线。这个过程你我都是亲历者，很多猪场都到了生死边缘。这波猪肉价格下滑，既合理又不合理，合理在于周期已经到了，猪价维持在高峰阶段已经很久了；不合理的地方是价格下降太快，让很多人措手不及，甚至很多人还抱有幻想很快能涨回来，很多大公司的建设计划也表明，其实大公司也是看好今年的猪肉价格的。     

单宁酸对生长猪胃-小肠仿生消化中消化酶活性及饲粮粗蛋白消化率的影响

本试验旨在探讨单宁酸对生长猪胃、小肠仿生消化中消化酶活性及玉米-豆粕型饲粮干物质和粗蛋白消化率的影响，为评价单宁酸的生物学效应提供参考。试验一采用单因素完全随机设计，考察在无饲粮下2种单宁酸对猪模拟胃液、模拟小肠液消化酶活性的影响。设5个处理，单宁酸添加量分别为0 mg （胃液体积为20 mL，小肠液体积为22 mL）；单宁酸1，10 mg；单宁酸1，20 mg；单宁酸2，10 mg；单宁酸2，20 mg。测定各处理的胃蛋白酶、淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶的活性。试验二考察玉米-豆粕型饲粮添加单宁酸对猪仿生消化中胃、小肠阶段消化酶活性及养分消化率的影响。采用单因素完全随机设计，设5个处理，单宁酸在饲粮中的含量分别为0 mg·（2 g）^-1；单宁酸1，10 mg·（2 g）^-1；单宁酸1，20 mg·（2 g）^-1；单宁酸2，10 mg·（2 g）^-1；单宁酸2，20 mg·（2 g）^-1。测定仿生消化中胃阶段0.5和4 h时胃蛋白酶活性，小肠阶段0.5、4和8 h时淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性及生长猪胃-小肠仿生消化测定饲粮的干物质和粗蛋白消化率。结果表明：1）无饲粮的情况下，和空白对照组相比，2种单宁酸对模拟胃液中胃蛋白酶活性无显著影响（P>0.05），单宁酸1比单宁酸2更高地降低了模拟小肠液中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶的活性（P<0.05）。2）在饲粮进行仿生消化的胃消化0.5～4 h内，除4 h时10 mg·（2 g）^-1添加量外，添加单宁酸1时胃蛋白酶的活性均显著高于添加单宁酸2时的相应值（P<0.05），除单宁酸2在消化0.5 h外，2种单宁酸在添加10 mg·（2 g）^-1时胃蛋白酶活性均显著高于20 mg·（2 g）^-1添加量的相应值（P<0.05）。在小肠仿生消化0.5 h时，饲粮中添加单宁酸1、2的2个水平对消化液中淀粉酶活性无显著影响（P>0.05），但均显著降低了糜蛋白酶的活性（P<0.05）；单宁酸1的消化液中胰蛋白酶活性高于单宁酸2的相应值（P<0.05）。在小肠仿生消化4 h时，除添加水平为20 mg·（2 g）^-1时的糜蛋白酶活性外，饲粮中添加单宁酸1消化液中淀粉酶、糜蛋白酶活性高于添加单宁酸2的相应值，而胰蛋白酶活性低于添加单宁酸2的相应值（P<0.05）。单宁酸1、2的两个添加量均降低了胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶的活性（P<0.05）。在小肠仿生消化8 h时，饲粮中单宁酸的添加量影响了淀粉酶的活性，但单宁酸1和单宁酸2各两个添加量在淀粉酶的平均活性上无显著差异（P>0.05）。单宁酸1、2的两个添加量均降低了胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶的活性（P<0.05）。3）与对照组相比，两种单宁酸在两种添加水平下均显著降低了饲料粗蛋白消化率（P<0.05），且单宁酸2比单宁酸1更多地降低了饲粮粗蛋白的消化率（P<0.05）。综上所述，在有、无饲粮条件下，单宁酸对消化酶活性呈现不一致影响。单宁酸影响饲粮粗蛋白的消化率可能主要与消化液中糜蛋白酶活性降低以及单宁酸与饲粮中的化学成分形成螯合物降低了小肠消化酶的水解效率有关。     

基于微课的翻转课堂在“食品机械与设备”教学中的实践

微课是以学习者为中心设计的可视化学习资源,随着现代信息技术的不断发展,目前已被广泛引入高校教学过程。“食品机械与设备”是食品科学类专业的核心课程之一,结合该课程知识点复杂分散、理论与实践融合难等特点,提出了基于微课的翻转课堂教学模式,并应用于“食品机械与设备”的教学实践,旨在促进教学效果的提升,提高学习者的自主学习能力和兴趣,可为食品科学类专业实践能力培养提供更好的方式,同时为其他相关专业教学改革提供借鉴。     

灯盏花成分专用型种源评价与鉴定

收集和鉴定了云南省和贵州省共46份灯盏花种质资源,筛选出适合生产不同药品的成分专用型种源,为专用型品种选育提供参考。利用HPLC测定了灯盏花种源10种活性成分含量,相关分析阐明各成分含量间的相关性,聚类分析对种质资源进行分类。结果表明：16份灯盏花种源灯盏乙素（scutellarin, SE）含量在2.5%以上,是培育灯盏花素专用型品种的优良材料,其中4份种源同时含有高含量（>1.0%）的双咖啡酰奎宁酸酯（dicaffeoylquinic acids, diCQAs）,是培育灯盏细辛专用型品种的优良材料;同时,筛选出8份总黄酮（total flavonoids, TFs）含量高于3.5%的种源,适合选育总黄酮专用品种。相关性分析表明,SE含量与diCQAs和TFs含量均显著正相关,是灯盏花品质育种的标志性成分。聚类分析将灯盏花种源分为三大类,除1个种源的SE含量和diCQAs含量接近（第Ⅲ类）外,其他种源SE均占总活性成分的60%以上,其中第Ⅰ类为高TFs型种源,TFs占到总活性成分的80%以上,diCQAs占总成分的15%以下;第Ⅱ类为高diCQAs型种源,diCQAs占总成分的16.9%~28.9%,TFs占到总活性成分的80%以下。该结果表明灯盏花种源活性成分组成存在多种类型,为专用型品种选育提供了可能,灯盏乙素含量可以作为专用型种源筛选的首要指标。     

Effect of dietary Moringa stem meal level on growth performance,slaughter performance and serum biochemical parameters in geese

Moringa stem meal (MSM) with a high level of crude fibre (CF) might be developed and utilized in herbivorous geese as an unconventional feedstuff. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the MSM level in the diet on the growth performance, slaughter performance, breast meat quality and serum biochemical parameters in geese from 22 to 70 days of age. A one-factor completely randomized design was adopted in our study. A total of one thousand eight 21-day-old geese were randomly divided into six groups, with six replicates per group and 28 birds per replicate. The geese were fed diets containing MSM levels of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 g/kg during day 22–70. The dietary MSM level had no effect (p > .05) on the final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) or average daily feed intake (ADFI). The feed/gain ratio (F/G) increased linearly (p < .001) as the dietary MSM level increased. No differences (p > .05) were observed in the slaughter performance, meat quality and the relative organ weight (except for thymus) of the geese (p > .05). The relative weight of the thymus in the geese fed diets with supplementation of MSM was higher than that in the non-supplemented MSM control group (p < .05). In addition, 100 g MSM/kg of diet decreased the serum glucose (GLU) level (p < .05) and increased the alanine transaminase (ALT) enzyme activity (p = .03). Dietary MSM levels of no more than 60 g/kg had no effects on the growth performance and slaughter performance, whereas diets with 100 g MSM/kg increased the F/G and serum ALT enzyme activity, as well as decreasing the serum GLU level. Therefore, MSM provided at a reasonable level could be developed as an unconventional feedstuff for geese at the finisher period.     

An updated review: Laboratory investigation of equine renal disease

A variety of laboratory tests are available to assist the clinician in the assessment of kidney health and function. The majority of widely used tests are indicative of altered renal function, not becoming abnormal until function is significantly compromised. These include serum urea and creatinine concentrations, serum electrolyte concentrations, urine specific gravity (USG), fractional electrolyte excretion ratios and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentrations. Some of these parameters may also be affected by nonrenal disease. The results of a further group of tests can indicate renal damage, but do not reflect renal function. These include urine tubular enzyme concentrations, urine protein concentrations, urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) concentrations and cytological abnormalities.     

苜蓿青贮销售的“痛点”与突破

苜蓿蛋白质含量高,消化率高,营养价值好。随着畜牧业的发展和农业结构的调整,我国苜蓿种植面积逐年扩大。由于收获期雨热同季导致割晒苜蓿自然晒干较为困难,所以制作成青贮成为近几年苜蓿高效利用的重要方法之一。苜蓿青贮具有适口性好、易于保存、加工损耗低等优点,国内苜蓿种植户纷纷加入制作苜蓿青贮的队伍,但并未推动该产业快速、良性发展。本文探讨苜蓿青贮销售的痛点和难点,并提出建议,以期为同行提供参考。     

Effects of the severity and timing of basal leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines

The effects of the severity and timing of leaf removal(LR) on the amino acids of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines were studied during the 2017 growing season. High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to analyze the amino acids profiles of grape berries and wines. The basal leaves were removed at three time points(40, 56 and 72 days after flowering, named LR40, LR56 and LR72, respectively) at two severity levels(one at which the first, third, and fifth basal leaves of each shoot were removed(50% level); and another at which the first six basal leaves were removed(100% level)). The results showed that leaf removal had little impact on total soluble solids(°Brix), titratable acidity, pH or berry weight. The LR72-50% treated grapes had higher berry weight, titratable acidity and °Brix than those of the other treatments. The highest concentrations of total amino acids and of total amino acids except proline were detected in LR72-50% treated grapes(2 952.58 and 2 764.36 mg L~(-1), respectively); the lowest were detected in LR72-100% treated grapes(2 172.82 and 2 038.71 mg L~(-1), respectively). LR72-50% treatment significantly promoted the synthesis of aspartic acid, serine, arginine, alanine, aminobutyric acid and proline at both severity levels for grapes, the concentrations of all of these amino acids were increased relative to the control concentrations. The LR72-50%, LR40-100% and LR72-100% treated wines had higher total amino acids concentrations and higher concentrations of some individual amino acids, such as arginine, alanine and serine, than did the control wines. Of all the amino acids studied, glycine, tyrosine, cysteine, methionine and lysine were not significantly influenced by the timing or severity basal defoliation in grapes and wines. The present study reveals the effects of the timing and severity of leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of grapes and wines.