新疆牛羊产业链中金黄色葡萄球菌的污染调查与毒力基因检测

【目的】 分析乌鲁木齐及周边地区牛羊源金黄色葡萄球菌及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的污染状况及常见毒力基因检测。【方法】 采集乌鲁木齐及周边地区牛养殖场和牛羊屠宰场752份样品(粪样、挤奶厅工具拭子、胴体拭子、屠宰工具拭子等),采用国家标准方法进行金黄色葡萄球菌分离和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的鉴定,检测10种常见毒力基因(sea、seb、sec、fnbA、fnbB、hla、hlb、clfa、pvl、tst)的编码情况。【结果】 共分离出26株金黄色葡萄球菌,分离率为3.46%,其中奶牛养殖场、牛屠宰场和羊屠宰场的分离率分别是4.39%、1.13%、3.72%、。其中有8株是耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,占检出率的30.77%。毒力基因sea、seb、sec、fnbA、fnbB、hla、hlb、clfa、pvl、tst的检测率分别是11.54%、19.23%、3.85%、3.85%、23.08%、100%、53.85%、100%、0、15.38%,其中clfa和hla的检出率最高。 【结论】 新疆奶牛养殖场和牛羊屠宰场中均存在金黄色葡萄球菌,其中奶牛养殖场中MRSA的污染较严重,金黄色葡萄球菌主要编码hla和clfa 2种毒力基因。     

鱼类精氨酸营养生理研究进展

精氨酸为鱼类的必需氨基酸之一，其在鱼体内参与蛋白质、多胺的合成，促进生长；精氨酸具有促内分泌作用；精氨酸可在体内生成一氧化氮，一氧化氮参与鱼类心血管活动、免疫功能的调节。某些鱼类可能具有自身精氨酸的合成能力。鱼类赖氨酸一精氨酸拮抗存在种问差异。本研究从精氨酸的合成、生理功能、与赖氨酸的关系以及需求量等方面对鱼类精氨酸的营养生理研究进行了综述。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：679-685]     

凡纳滨对虾低盐度养殖池浮游藻类群落研究

在44口凡纳滨对虾低盐度养殖池中共鉴定藻类7门62属113种,蓝藻26种,绿藻54种,硅藻14种,裸藻11种,隐藻3种,甲藻4种,金藻1种。绿藻门种类最多,占藻类种类数的47·8%,其次为蓝藻门占23·0%,硅藻占12·4%,裸藻占9·7%。优势种主要为蓝藻,典型优势种有螺旋藻(Spirulinasp.),假鱼腥藻(Pseudoanabaenasp.),弯形尖头藻(Raphidiopsis curvata),针状蓝纤维藻(Dactylococcopsis acicularis)等,其中螺旋藻的优势度平均达到50%,为主要优势种。常见的绿藻有栅藻(Scenedesmusp.),衣藻(Chlamydomonassp.),小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)等;常见的硅藻为梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghinian),卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata)、啮蚀隐藻(C.erosa)和绿裸藻(Euglenavirdis)在虾池中比较常见。养殖池中浮游藻类的种类数平均为43±9种,多样性指数平均为2·19±0·56,个体数量平均为1·45±0·87×108个/L;藻类的种类、数量及生物量表现为养殖前期低后期高的特征,而多样性表现相反,藻类的组成直接影响对虾的生长。     

复合诱食剂对牙鲆摄食生长的影响

以初始体质量为(3.01±0.04)g的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)为实验对象,进行为期70 d的摄食生长实验。共配制5种等氮等能饲料,其中以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源(豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白)配制出基础饲料,分别在基础饲料中添加0.0%、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的复合诱食剂配制成4种豆粕取代饲料,同时以全鱼粉饲料为对照饲料,研究复合诱食剂对牙鲆摄食生长的影响。结果表明,当豆粕取代饲料中诱食剂添加量为1.0%时,牙鲆的摄食率(P<0.05)、饲料效率(P<0.05)、鱼体脂肪含量(P<0.01)以及肝脏、肠胰蛋白酶活力和肠氨肽酶活力(P<0.01)显著高于不添加诱食剂组;当豆粕取代饲料中诱食剂的添加量为0.0%和0.5%时,牙鲆的特定生长率显著低于全鱼粉组(P<0.05);而当添加量为1.0%和1.5%时,牙鲆的特定生长率与全鱼粉组比较没有出现显著差异(P>0.05)。结论认为,当以豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白时,添加1.0%的复合诱食剂能够显著提高牙鲆幼鱼对饲料的摄食率和生长率。     

Partial replacement of fishmeal by soybean meal in diets for juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

An 8‐week feeding experiment was conducted in floating cages (1.5 × 1.0 × 2.0 m) to determine the potential use of defatted soybean meal (roasted and solvent‐extracted) as a partial replacement of fishmeal in the isonitrogenous (approximately 450 g kg^?1 CP [crude protein]) diet for juvenile cobia with an initial average weight of about 8.3 g. Diets were formulated to include 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 g kg^?1 (diets D0, D10, D20, D30, D40, D50 and D60, respectively) of fishmeal protein being substituted by defatted soybean meal without methionine supplementation. The results showed that weight gain rate decreased significantly when the replacement level of fishmeal protein was increased from 400 g kg^?1 to 500 g kg^?1, and the D60 diet was the lowest in all groups. These results indicate that up to 400 g kg^?1 of fishmeal protein can be replaced by defatted soybean meal without causing significant reduction in growth. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly affected by the replacement level of fishmeal protein being substituted by defatted soybean meal, when the replacement level of fishmeal protein was 200 g kg^?1 (diet, D20), FCR was the lowest and PER was the highest. There were no significant differences in the moisture, lipid, crude protein and ash content in whole body and muscle, while lipid content in liver increased as the dietary soybean meal replacement levels increased. There were significant differences in haemoglobin, haematocrit, red blood cell, plasma glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed diets with different soybean meal replacement levels. Results of this trial indicated that the optimum level of fishmeal protein replacement with defatted soybean meal, determined by quadratic regression analysis was 189.2 g kg^?1, on the basis of maximum weight gain.     

胞质型磷脂酶A2基因克隆及其表达量随大黄鱼仔稚鱼生长发育的变化

利用同源克隆技术和cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术克隆大黄鱼胞质型磷脂酶A2(cPLA2)基因的cDNA全长.此外,应用实时定量PCR法检测不同日龄大黄鱼仔稚鱼cPLA2基因的表达量.序列分析结果表明:cPLA2基因全长2 550 bp(GenBank登录号:KF006240.1),其中5'端非编码区176 bp,开放阅读框2 169 bp,3'端非编码区205 bp,共编码723个氨基酸.系统进化树分析结果表明:克隆所得大黄鱼cPLA2基因与其他鱼类的cPLA2基因亲缘关系较近,与哺乳动物的亲缘关系较远.定量检测结果表明:大黄鱼仔稚鱼cPLA2基因的表达量随日龄的增加为先显著升高(1、3、7日龄vs.15日龄,P＜0.05),在15日龄时达到最高值,随后显著下降(15日龄vs.19日龄,P＜0.05),之后趋于平稳.由此可知,大黄鱼从仔稚鱼到幼鱼早期的变形过程中,磷脂分解代谢的关键酶cPLA2基因的表达量呈现有规律的变化,这可能对机体保持体内磷脂的动态平衡、维护细胞膜的流动性具有重要的意义.大黄鱼仔稚鱼cPLA2基因表达量的变化趋势在一定程度上可以衡量大黄鱼消化系统的发育情况.     

氯化钴在大菱鲆饲料中的安全性评价

通过研究饲料中的氯化钴对大菱鲆幼鱼的存活、生长性能、血清生理生化指标、抗氧化酶活力、消化酶活力、血清和肝脏中VB12含量、肌肉和肝脏中钴的残留量、肝脏和肠道组织结构的影响来评估氯化钴在海水鱼饲料中的安全性。通过在基础饲料中添加氯化钴制剂来配制4种具有不同氯化钴含量(0、8、40及80 mg/kg,不计结晶水重量)的等氮等能的实验饲料,每个饲料处理设6个重复,每个重复养殖30尾大菱鲆;养殖实验为期10周。实验结果表明:饲料中添加氯化钴对试验鱼的存活没有显著影响(P0.05),但饲料中80 mg/kg的氯化钴显著降低了大菱鲆的特定生长率、终末体重、摄食率、肝体比和脏体比(P0.05);饲料中高剂量氯化钴(40和80 mg/kg)显著降低了大菱鲆血清过氧化氢酶、谷草转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶活力以及大菱鲆胃淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活力(P0.05);大菱鲆的血糖含量、血清和肝脏中VB12含量、肝脏和肌肉中钴的残留量均随饲料中钴的添加量增加而显著升高(P0.05);饲料中添加氯化钴对大菱鲆的肠道组织结构没有产生明显影响,但饲料中添加40和80 mg/kg的氯化钴增宽了肝脏肝血窦。研究结果表明:实验条件下,氯化钴在大菱鲆饲料中的添加量8 mg/kg是安全的。     

Effect of dietary iron supplement on growth, haematology and microelements of juvenile grouper, Epinephelus coioides

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary iron supplement on growth, haematology and microelements of juvenile grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Casein–gelatine‐based diets supplemented with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg kg⁻¹ iron from ferrous sulphate were fed to grouper (mean initial weight: 21.0 ± 0.2 g) for 8 weeks. Weight gain was highest in fish fed the diet supplemented with 100 mg kg⁻¹ iron, intermediate in fish fed diets with 50, 150, 200 and 250 mg kg⁻¹ iron and lowest in fish fed the basal diet. Feed efficiency followed a similar trend except that the lowest value was in fish fed the basal diet and the diet supplemented with 250 mg kg⁻¹ iron. Hepatic iron was highest in fish fed diets supplemented with iron ≥100 mg kg⁻¹, followed by fish fed diet with 50 mg kg⁻¹ iron and lowest in fish fed the basal diet. The whole‐body iron was lowest in fish fed the basal diet but not significantly different from other groups, as judged by anova . Iron supplement to the basal diet had no significant effect on haematological parameters (red blood cell count, haematocrit and haemoglobin), hepatic copper concentration or manganese, zinc concentration in liver and whole body. Broken‐line analysis of hepatic iron indicated that iron supplementation of 100 mg kg⁻¹ satisfied the hepatic iron storage and that further supplementation did not expand the iron status.     

石竹茎腐病病原菌鉴定与生物学特性研究

[目的]明确石竹茎腐病病原菌,以期更好地防治此病害。[方法]使用常规植物病理学和分子生物学方法分离和鉴定病原菌,并研究病原菌生物学特性。[结果]石竹茎腐病病原菌为立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)和尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)。立枯丝核菌最适生长温度为28℃,最适pH为7~8,最适生长的碳源为麦芽糖、可溶性淀粉,最适氮源是蛋白胨;尖孢镰刀菌最适生长温度为28℃,最适pH为7~9,尖孢镰刀菌在果糖和蔗糖中生长速度最快,葡萄糖最不利于其生长,最适氮源为蛋白胨。[结论]立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)和尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)共同侵染石竹引起石竹茎腐病。这2种病原菌对环境的适应能力较强。     

半干旱区不同覆膜时期、方式与膜色对土壤水分及马铃薯水分利用效率的影响

在宁夏中部干旱区,通过两年田间试验研究了不同覆膜时期、方式及膜色处理对马铃薯农田土壤水分、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：与裸地栽培相比较,各处理均能提高土壤水分。早春双垄全膜0～100 cm土壤水分含量沟内白膜18.10%和黑膜19.73%,节水18.66 mm和38.46 mm,半膜覆盖白膜17.94%和黑膜16.70%,节水16.77 mm和1.89 mm;马铃薯苗期—现蕾期—开花期—块茎生长期生育阶段,2010—2011年各处理0～200 cm土壤贮水量较裸地高,早春白膜双垄全覆膜处理节水39.23～40.65、24.51～31.08 mm和21.75～30.88 mm,早春黑膜双垄全覆膜处理节水56.85～20.21、37.81～-4.72 mm和29.06～-3.26 mm,播期白膜双垄全覆膜处理节水84.04、88.46 mm和58.87 mm,播期黑膜双垄全覆膜处理节水94.90、60.59 mm和71.94 mm,早春白膜半膜平覆处理节水45.53～-12.25、22.95～6.28 mm和44.97～32.45 mm,早春黑膜半膜平覆处理节水-7.42～18.15、-15.83～16.53 mm和15.85～-17.12 mm,播期白膜半膜平覆处理节水24.03、-3.79 mm和20.32 mm,播期黑膜半膜平覆处理节水-5.2、-40.42 mm和-3.34 mm。各处理0～200 cm土壤水分垂直变化,0～40 cm土壤水分最活跃层次,无明显变化规律,40～80 cm土壤水分变化呈现出规律变化,土壤水分含量表现为高—低—高—低,水分蓄墒层,80～120 cm土层水分缺墒层,120～200 cm深墒 稳定层。地膜栽培能提高马铃薯产量,早春白膜双垄全覆膜模式马铃薯鲜薯产量35 007.85 kg·hm^-2,较裸地增产29.31%,降水生产效率116.35 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,提高36.15%,早春黑膜双垄全覆膜模式33 823.75 kg·hm^-2,增产24.9%,降水生产效率105.7 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,提高25%。在干旱地区应推广提早覆膜、双垄全覆膜、膜色黑膜或白膜的抗旱节水栽培模式,该模式节水、增产、生态效益明显。