基于漫反射光谱的叶面药液浓度检测方法

应用漫反射反射光谱对叶面药液质量浓度进行了检测研究。选择350～1900nm波段,以标准偏差归一化、三点滑动平均滤波、一阶导数组合预处理,应用逐步回归分析、主成分、主成分+人工神经网络、偏最小二乘、偏最小二乘+人工神经网络回归分析建立了5种数学模型。试验结果表明这5种算法的预测均方根误差分别为0.067、0.061、0.059、0.039、0.056,偏最小二乘法建模效果优于其他模型。考虑到不同作物种类对叶面药液浓度影响,选用八角金盘、油菜、青菜3种作物叶片为对象,在偏最小二乘下建模,其预测集相关系数分别为0.994、0.974、0.929,预测均分根误差分别为0.039、0.050、0.075。表明不同种类作物对叶面药液浓度检测影响较小,漫反射光谱技术检测叶面药液浓度是可行的。     

抗速灭威单链抗体基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的表达及性质研究

选用巴斯德毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）系统表达特异性抗速灭威单链抗体（scFv）基因,以为速灭威特异性抗体的大量制备奠定基础。设计引物扩增阳性克隆scFv基因,亚克隆至表达载体pPICZαC,获得重组酵母表达质粒pPICZαC-scFv,线性化pPICZαC-scFv并高效电转P.pastoris（X-33）,对转化子进行抗性梯度筛选得到一株高效表达的X-33-Pp-SMW-12-6菌株。对获得的菌株先后进行表达条件的优化、优化条件下的诱导表达及单链抗体性质研究。结果表明：P.pastoris-scFv的质量接近其亲本E.coli-scFv的质量,X-33-Pp-SMW12-6在优化条件下的表达产量达28mg/L,比未优化前的产量提高了约8mg/L,经纯化后抗体纯度可达85%以上。因此,利用P.pastoris表达系统制备抗速灭威单链抗体比细菌表达系统更有效、更经济。     

Soil carbon dioxide emission from intensively cultivated black soil in Northeast China: nitrogen fertilization effect

Purpose

The aim of this study was to understand the effect of nitrogen fertilization on soil respiration and native soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition and to identify the key factor affecting soil respiration in a cultivated black soil.

Materials and methods

A field experiment was conducted at the Harbin State Key Agroecological Experimental Station, China. The study consisted of four treatments: unplanted and N-unfertilized soil (U0), unplanted soil treated with 225?kg?N?ha^?1 (UN), maize planted and N-unfertilized soil (P0), and planted soil fertilized with 225?kg?N?ha^?1 (PN). Soil CO₂ and N₂O fluxes were measured using the static closed chamber method.

Results and discussion

Cumulative CO₂ emissions during the maize growing season with the U0, UN, P0, and PN treatments were 1.29, 1.04, 2.30 and 2.27?Mg?C?ha^?1, respectively, indicating that N fertilization significantly reduced the decomposition of native SOC. However, no marked effect on soil respiration in planted soil was observed because the increase of rhizosphere respiration caused by N addition was counteracted by the reduction of native SOC decomposition. Soil CO₂ fluxes were significantly affected by soil temperature but not by soil moisture. The temperature sensitivity (Q ₁₀) of soil respiration was 2.16?C2.47 for unplanted soil but increased to 3.16?C3.44 in planted soil. N addition reduced the Q ₁₀ of native SOC decomposition possibly due to low labile organic C but increased the Q ₁₀ of soil respiration due to the stimulation of maize growth. The estimated annual CO₂ emission in N-fertilized soil was 1.28?Mg?C?ha^?1 and was replenished by the residual stubble, roots, and exudates. In contrast, the lost C (1.53?Mg?C?ha^?1) in N-unfertilized soil was not completely supplemented by maize residues, resulting in a reduction of SOC. Although N fertilization significantly increased N₂O emissions, the global warming potential of N₂O and CO₂ emissions in N-fertilized soil was significantly lower than in N-unfertilized soil.

Conclusions

The stimulatory or inhibitory effect of N fertilization on soil respiration and basal respiration may depend on labile organic C concentration in soil. The inhibitory effect of N fertilization on native SOC decomposition was mainly associated with low labile organic C in tested black soil. N application could reduce the global warming potential of CO₂ and N₂O emissions in black soil.     

基于正交试验和有限元法的稻壳模压夹具的优化设计

应用正交试验法对稻壳模压夹具中的夹板模型进行了有限元分析,通过极差分析获得了影响夹板结构性能因素的主次顺序,即夹板厚度→垫板作用力中心线距夹板几何中心的距离→上模具重力作用中心线距夹板几何中心的距离→夹板宽度,并且结合有限元模型的验证分析确定了夹板结构的合理方案。     

薯/玉套作对马铃薯干物质积累与分配的影响

以单作马铃薯为对照,设置2:2和3:2两种薯玉行比,研究马铃薯、玉米套作对马铃薯干物质积累、转运、分配的动态变化。结果表明:套作显著降低了马铃薯干物质积累,却促进了干物质向块茎转运和分配,并提高了套作的根冠比。整个生育期马铃薯干物质积累呈慢-快-慢的特点。2:2行比叶、茎干物质积累到达峰值和向块茎转运早于3:2行比。套作2:2行比干物质积累量低于套作3:2行比,向块茎转运量高于套作3:2行比。整个生育期干物质向块茎分配呈上升趋势,向叶、茎的分配呈下降趋势,升幅和降幅套作低于单作,2:2行比低于3:2行比。干物质向茎分配下降幅度小于向叶分配。干物质向各器官的分配为叶<茎<块茎。     

碧螺春茶叶的真伪鉴别技术——基于漫反射式高光谱成像技术

提出了基于漫反射式高光谱成像技术结合模式识别的碧螺春茶真伪鉴别方法。试验以漫反射式高光谱成像系统采集碧螺春茶样图像数据;通过主成分分析优选特征图像,并利用灰度共生矩阵从中各提取4个纹理特征参量;最后,利用支持向量机的模式识别方法构建茶叶真伪鉴别模型。训练和预测集的判别率分别达到100%和96.25%。研究表明,利用漫反射式高光谱成像技术结合支持向量机模式识别方法鉴别碧螺春茶品质真伪是可行的。     

智能苗间锄草平台设计

机械除草一直被视为有机农业生产中重要的组成部分,尤其是近年来,人们对除草剂使环境恶化的担忧和对有机食品需求的增加,机械式除草装置备受关注。深松双翼锄草铲只适用于行间除草,苗间杂草为人工铲锄。由于机械式苗间锄草在行进方向有作物植株阻隔,易损伤秧苗,所以机械式苗间锄草相对行间锄草困难。为此,对智能苗间锄草平台进行了设计,对其原理进行了阐述。智能苗间锄草平台可以解决机械式苗间锄草的难题,自行计算植株位置,控制锄草铲躲避苗株并铲除杂草。     

荔枝采摘器优化设计与仿真

为改善荔枝的采摘条件,提高其采摘效率,通过分析荔枝的栽培生长特性,设计了一种简易且不伤果的荔枝串果采摘器具;建立了采摘器剪切运动和剪切力模型,利用Matlab进行了结构参数优化;应用Adams和AN-SYS构建了采摘器虚拟样机及有限元模型,进行了运动仿真分析和强度分析,验证了采摘器整体设计和结构参数的合理性。采摘试验表明,采摘器样机可快速采摘且柔性接果。     

1-MCP对采后‘红心’番石榴果实软化的影响

为了从细胞壁代谢角度研究1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)调控采后番石榴果实软化的机制,用1 μL/L 1-MCP处理‘红心’番石榴果实试材。通过测定果实的硬度、细胞壁代谢相关物质及相关酶活性的变化,研究1-MCP处理对常温(25±1℃)贮藏下番石榴果实软化的抑制作用。结果表明,1 μL/L 1-MCP处理使采后番石榴果实的硬度比对照组果实高0.51倍,并有效抑制多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶甲酯酶、纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶的活性,减缓可溶性果胶、葡萄糖含量的增加,延缓原果胶、纤维素和淀粉含量在采后贮藏期间的下降。因此,1 μL/L 1-MCP处理能有效延缓采后‘红心’番石榴的软化进程,延长其采后贮运保鲜期。     

白条党主产区土壤理化性状及药材经济性状分析

为了研究白条党主产区土壤理化特性和药材经济性状,以定西和陇南地区7个县（宕昌、临洮、渭源、岷县、陇西、漳县及通渭）21个调查点连续两年的土壤和白条党为调查对象,分析各调查点土壤理化性质和白条党的药材经济性状。结果表明：甘肃白条党主产区经度大致在103°35'—105°26'之间;纬度大致为33°57'—37°58';海拔高度约在1708.4~2488.6 m。各县土壤有机质平均含量在9.25~17.50 g/kg之间,整体偏低,其中临洮县土壤有机质含量最低;土壤碱解氮平均含量在19.56~39.96 mg/kg,陇西县土壤碱解氮含量极低;土壤速效磷含量均大于10 mg/kg;土壤速效钾平均含量在80.73~128.40 mg/kg,除渭源和岷县土壤速效钾含量为低至中等外,其余表现中等至较高;土壤pH>7.5,属于微碱性和碱性土壤。岷县生产的白条党单根产量最高,根长且粗,商品性最好。