脉冲超声辅助酶解制备大蒜降压因子

为了开发安全无毒副作用的食源性降血压活性物质,采取逐步分离及超声辅助酶解的方法筛选大蒜中具有降血压活性的功能因子,并采用响应面设计对超声辅助酶解方法进行了优化。研究结果发现,大蒜的多级分离物均具有一定ACE（血管紧张素转化酶）抑制活性,其中大蒜粉直接酶解产物降压效果最佳。以大蒜粉直接酶解物为目标产物,在底物浓度8%、脉冲超声工作时间3?s、间歇时间2?s的条件下优化得到超声处理参数为：超声处理时间72?min、处理液温度45℃、处理液pH值8.2,此条件下酶解产物的ACE抑制率为67.78%,其IC50（半抑制浓度）值为7.57?mg/ml,比常规酶解（无超声处理）降低了45.03%,说明经超声辅助酶解后产物的活性有大幅度提高。对大蒜ACE抑制因子进行SHR（原发性高血压大鼠）大鼠试验,推荐剂量150?mg/kg下灌胃3?h后,SHR大鼠血压下降18.8?mmHg。     

无花果多糖提取工艺优化及其超声波改性

为了推动无花果多糖产业发展,探讨无花果多糖分子修饰对其活性的影响,采用传统水提醇沉的方法和响应面设计法优化无花果多糖提取技术,进而对超声波修饰前后的无花果多糖进行抗氧化活性分析和分子结构表征,研究无花果多糖的提取技术及其超声波修饰效应。响应面试验结果表明其最佳提取条件为提取时间21 min、提取温度90℃、液料比49 mL/g,在此条件下无花果多糖第1次提取率达到3.03%,经过2次提取,多糖提取率和得率分别达到3.86%和94.62%。中红外光谱分析表明,超声波将其分子中大量的C-O-C和C-O-H键打断;尺寸排阻色谱-多角度光散射分析,超声处理后,其数均分子量和重均分子量分别从536 800、1 061 000 Da减少到46 410、93 870 Da。进一步对超声波修饰过的无花果多糖进行分级醇沉、SephadexG-150凝胶层析纯化得到较高抗氧化活性的组分,尺寸排阻色谱-多角度光散射分析表明该组分数均分子量为58 810 Da,重均分子量为157 300 Da;气相色谱分析其单糖组成及分子摩尔比为L-鼠李糖∶D-葡萄糖∶D-半乳糖=1.63∶0.88∶1。     

Potential for greenhouse gas emissions from soil carbon stock following biofuel cultivation on degraded lands

Consequent to the interest in converting degraded lands for cultivation of biofuel crops, concerns have been expressed about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from changes in soil‐carbon (C) stock following land conversions. A literature‐based study was undertaken for estimating the magnitude of emission of GHGs, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂), following an assessment of the extent and causes of land degradation and the nature of CO₂ emission from soils. The study estimated the potential for CO₂ emission resulting from changes in soil‐carbon stock following land conversions, using oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) as a case study. The analysis indicated that, overall, the magnitude of CO₂ emission resulting from changes in soil C stock per se following opening up of degraded land would be low compared with other potential sources of CO₂ emission. However, lack of data on critical aspects such as baseline soil C status was a limitation of the study. Soil respiration is the single best measure of GHG emission from soils. Fixation of C in additional biomass will compensate, over time, for C loss through soil respiration following a change in land use or land management, unless such changes involve conversion of existing large C stocks. Therefore, any net CO₂ emission from soils resulting from changes in soil C stock following opening up of degraded land is likely to be a short‐term phenomenon. The estimations used in the study are based on various assumptions, which need to be validated by experimental field data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ultrasonic degradation of polysaccharide from a red algae (Porphyra yezoensis)

Polysaccharide from Porphyra yezoensis (PYPS) was degraded by ultrasound in this study. The changes of intrinsic viscosity with various conditions, such as ultrasonic power, irradiation time, reaction temperature, initial pH value of solution, and its concentration, were investigated by using Ubbleholde viscometry. It was found that the ultrasonic degradation rate of PYPS solution increases with the increase of ultrasonic power and reaction temperature and the decrease of the initial pH value of the solution. The order of the susceptibility of initial PYPS concentrations on degradation is 0.75 > 0.5 > 1.00 > 2.00 g/dL. The mechanism about the ultrasonic degradation of PYPS may be explained by more for mechanical and less for radical effects. Relationships between degradation rate and ultrasound time are exponential functions. The activation energy of ultrasonic degradation of PYPS solution is 52.13 kJ/mol, which was calculated by the logarithmic form of the Arrhenius equation, and is lower than one for the acid or enzyme catalyzing degradation of similar glycosidic bonds.     

Glacial survival of boreal trees in northern Scandinavia

It is commonly believed that trees were absent in Scandinavia during the last glaciation and first recolonized the Scandinavian Peninsula with the retreat of its ice sheet some 9000 years ago. Here, we show the presence of a rare mitochondrial DNA haplotype of spruce that appears unique to Scandinavia and with its highest frequency to the west-an area believed to sustain ice-free refugia during most of the last ice age. We further show the survival of DNA from this haplotype in lake sediments and pollen of Tr?ndelag in central Norway dating back ~10,300 years and chloroplast DNA of pine and spruce in lake sediments adjacent to the ice-free And?ya refugium in northwestern Norway as early as ~22,000 and 17,700 years ago, respectively. Our findings imply that conifer trees survived in ice-free refugia of Scandinavia during the last glaciation, challenging current views on survival and spread of trees as a response to climate changes.     

面包果双螺杆挤压膨化的试验研究

面包果是一种淀粉含量较高的水果,为开发其加工产品,利用双螺杆挤压技术,对面包果在挤压膨化过程中物料的喂入量、含水量、挤压温度和螺杆转速等对产品性能指标(如体积密度、膨胀率、吸水性、水中溶解度)以及感官特性硬度、脆度、色差变化和比机械能等进行了试验研究。并利用SAS数据统计软件,对试验数据进行了回归分析,得到了较优的回归模型。利用回归模型,分析了挤压因素对产品物理化学特性的影响,为面包果挤压膨化食品的开发提供参考。     

诃子总多酚恒温超声辅助提取与过程动力学研究

采用三频恒温数控超声辅助提取技术优化了诃子总多酚提取工艺;通过比较试验和扫描电镜分析了该技术高效提取的原因;从Fick第一定律出发建立了诃子总多酚扩散动力学方程,并进行了验证。结果表明,恒温超声提取诃子总多酚最佳工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数60%、超声频率80 k Hz、超声功率180 W、提取温度70℃;该工艺提取效率显著高于水浴振荡提取工艺(P0.001);扫描电镜观察发现,恒温超声提取技术对原料粉末微观结构破坏更严重。结合Fick第一定律及超声提取动力学推导了恒温超声辅助提取诃子总多酚动力学方程;验证试验表明,在相应的范围内,提取时间对数和提取功率对数均与诃子总多酚浓度对数呈正比关系。结果表明:恒温超声辅助技术可用于诃子总多酚高效提取。     

条斑紫菜藻红蛋白纯化方法的研究

为了解决目前藻红蛋白纯化方法过于复杂，处理量小等问题，采用“盐析→超滤→HA柱层析或DEAE-52柱层析”的工艺路线，建立了一种简化而高效的条斑紫菜藻红蛋白纯化方法。结果显示：1)对藻红蛋白纯度(以OD₅₆₁/OD₂₈₀表示)为0.365的条斑紫菜粗提物采用盐析法沉淀藻红蛋白时，得到藻红蛋白的纯度为0.45，回收率为90.53%；2)采用截留分子量为5万Da的超滤膜对藻红蛋白盐析物进行脱盐和出去小分子杂蛋白处理，得到的藻红蛋白的纯度为0.74，回收率为93.11%；3)进一步分别采用HA柱层析和DEAE-52柱层析纯化超滤液，藻红蛋白最高纯度分别为2.76和1.74，回收率分别为59.3%和56.81%。研究结果表明，采用盐析和超滤相结合的方法，可以较为方便而高效地得到食用级藻红蛋白，进一步通过HA柱层析，即可达到药用级的要求。     

草莓胡萝卜复合澄清汁后浑浊机理研究

为探讨草莓胡萝卜复合澄清汁的后浑浊机理，研究了化学试剂、贮藏温度和顶隙大小对草莓胡萝卜复合澄清汁的澄清度、褐变指数、黄烷醇类多酚含量、可溶性蛋白含量的影响。结果表明：贮藏温度越高，包装顶隙越大，氧气存留越多，随贮藏时间延长，果蔬汁浑浊形成越多，褐变程度越大，黄烷醇类多酚降解程度越大，可溶性蛋白损失越多；果蔬汁中添加尿素和十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)，都能减少果蔬汁中浑浊的产生，抑制产品褐变，减缓黄烷醇类多酚的降解，减少可溶性蛋白的损失，说明氢键和疏水键都是和浑浊有关的化学键。蔗糖的添加对果蔬汁浑浊的形成没有太     

Lithospheric Contributions to Arc Magmatism: Isotope Variations Along Strike in Volcanoes of Honshu, Japan

Major chemical exchange between the crust and mantle occurs in subduction zone environments, profoundly affecting the chemical evolution of Earth. The relative contributions of the subducting slab, mantle wedge, and arc lithosphere to the generation of island arc magmas, and ultimately new continental crust, are controversial. Isotopic data for lavas from a transect of volcanoes in a single arc segment of northern Honshu, Japan, have distinct variations coincident with changes in crustal lithology. These data imply that the relatively thin crustal lithosphere is an active geochemical filter for all traversing magmas and is responsible for significant modification of primary mantle melts.