鳢肠对棉铃虫生长发育的影响

通过饲料混毒法测定鳢肠对棉铃虫生长发育的影响。结果表明,随饲料中鳢肠比例的加大和棉铃虫幼虫取食时间的延长,鳢肠对棉铃虫幼虫的生长发育具有明显的抑制作用。幼虫取食鳢肠比例高的饲料后,棉铃虫蛹质量显著降低,但羽化率和单雌日均产卵量与对照处理差异不显著;给棉铃虫幼虫饲喂鳢肠明显延长了幼虫和成虫历期,但对蛹历期的影响较小。     

靖边县2010年—2012年羊布鲁菌病血清学调查

为了解陕西省靖边县羊布鲁菌的感染及分布状况,自2010年1月—2012年12月,采集陕西省靖边县羔羊、种羊等55 059只的羊血清样品,通过试管凝集反应对布鲁菌病抗体进行检测,分析羊布鲁菌的分布情况。结果显示,55 059份羊血清样品共检出阳性样品78份,其中羔羊样品阳性71份。种羊养殖场和养殖户因引进布鲁菌隐性种公羊造成2个养殖场出现77只病羊,4个养殖户出现117只病羊。羔羊布鲁菌抗体阳性率呈增高趋势,由2010年的0.04%上升到2012年的0.29%;由于引种造成的布鲁菌感染率较高。     

Differential Cl−/Salt Tolerance and NaCl‐Induced Alternations of Tissue and Cellular Ion Fluxes in Glycine max,Glycine soja and their Hybrid Seedlings

The salt‐sensitive Glycine max N23674 cultivar, the salt‐born Glycine soja BB52 population, and their hybrid 4076 strain (F₅) selected for salt tolerance generation by generation were used as the experimental materials in this study. First, the effects of NaCl stress on seed germination, tissue damage, and time‐course ionic absorption and transportation were compared. When qualitatively compared with seed germination appearance in culture dishes, and tissue damages on roots or leaves of seedlings, or quantitatively compared with the relative salt injury rate, the inhibition on N23674 was all the most remarkable. After the exposure of 140 mm NaCl for 1 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 2 days and 4 days, the content of Cl^? gradually increased in the roots and leaves of seedlings of BB52, 4076 and 23674. Interestingly, the extents of the Cl^? rise in roots of the three experimental soybean materials were BB52 > 4076 > N23674, whereas those in leaves were just on the contrary. Secondly, by using the scanning ion‐selective electrode technique (SIET), fluxes of Na⁺ and Cl^? in roots and protoplasts isolated from roots and leaves were also investigated among the three experimental soybean materials. After 140 mm NaCl stress for 2, 4 and 6 days, and when compared with N23674, slighter net Cl^? influxes were observed in root tissue and protoplasts of roots and leaves of BB52 and 4076 seedlings, especially at the cellular protoplast level. The results indicate that with regard to the ionic effect of NaCl stress, Cl^? was the main determinant salt ion for salt tolerance in G. soja, G. max and their hybrid, and the difference in their Cl^?/salt tolerance is mainly attributed to the capacity of Cl^? restriction to the plant above‐ground parts such as leaves.     

Copper‐Induced Oxidative Stress and Responses of the Antioxidant System in Roots of Medicago sativa

The effects of various copper (Cu) concentrations on the antioxidative system in the roots of Medicago sativa were explored. The results indicated that the Cu content of the roots reached a value of 854 μg g^?1 DW at 10 μm Cu and a value of 4415 μg g^?1 DW at 100 μm Cu, suggesting that M. sativa has better ability to tolerate and accumulate Cu than other Cu‐bioaccumulators, and is a potential plant for phytoremediation. Treatment with Cu resulted in a significant increment in the levels of H₂O₂, O₂˙^? and OH˙. The reduced form of ascorbate and glutathione reached a peak at 30 μm Cu, and was followed by a sharp depletion to a lower level than that of the control. In contrast, the levels of the oxidised forms of ascorbate and glutathione showed a progressive increment with increasing Cu concentrations, suggesting that the antioxidant system was unable to cope with Cu stress at higher Cu levels. Under the Cu concentrations tested, the activity of catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) increased at lower Cu concentrations, and then decreased, reaching a maximum at 30 μm of Cu for APX and GR, at 10 μm for CAT, whereas the activities of guaiacol peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) were gradually increased with increasing Cu concentrations. PAGE analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.1.5.1.1) revealed that one band is a Mn‐SOD and five bands are identified as Cu, Zn‐SOD, whereas Fe‐SOD isoforms were not found in the roots of alfalfa. Cu at 10–100 μm increased the intensity of constitutive isozymes of CAT, APX and POD, whereas it decreased the intensity of isozymes of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49) significantly. The activities of lipoxygenases (LOX, EC 1.13.11.12) were gradually augmented with increasing Cu concentrations, demonstrating that LOXs are probably involved in production of lipid hydroperoxides and superoxide anion. There was a continuous and pronounced enhancement in the activity of esterase (EST, EC 3.1.1.1) in roots treated with 10–30 Cu μm , whereas EST activity in roots exposed to above 30 μm Cu declined, suggesting that EST plays a protective role under lower Cu concentrations stress.     

胶冻样类芽孢杆菌对不同施肥处理的马铃薯产量和品质的影响

以‘克新1号’马铃薯为试验材料,试验设置低、中、高3个施肥量处理,在复合肥和有机肥的基础上,每个处理中固体胶冻样类芽孢杆菌微生物菌剂设置4个不同的梯度处理,在马铃薯块茎膨大期冲施定量的液体胶冻样类芽孢杆菌微生物菌剂,探究增施胶冻样类芽孢杆菌微生物菌剂对马铃薯生长指标、产量、品质及经济效益等的影响,旨在找出适合蒲县当地的科学施肥方法,为其马铃薯的高产优质生产提供理论和生产实践依据。结果表明,适量增施微生物菌剂有利于提高马铃薯产量、品质和经济效益等指标,但高浓度的微生物菌剂却抑制马铃薯的生长,在本试验中以低肥量处理下的T2组效果最佳,其株高、出苗率、维生素C含量、产量及净利润比常规施肥组分别提高了6.83%、5.31%、92.11%、27.0%和16.94%,还原糖含量降低了18.42%,是高产优质马铃薯的科学施肥配方及标准化生产技术方案。     

中国石油海外管道完整性管理的必要性和挑战

针对国家油气战略通道安全平稳运行的需要,基于中国石油海外油气管道的基本特点,分析了海外油气管道实施完整性管理的必要性。根据中国石油海外管道安全运行的技术需求和油气管道完整性管理技术的特征,分析了中国石油海外油气管道实施完整性管理面临的技术挑战。为提高海外管道安全水平,避免海外投资遭受损失,需尽快开展海外管道的完整性技术应用工作。在具体实施过程中,需要与国内管道完整性管理技术研究及应用单位相结合,充分发挥中国石油集团公司整体技术优势。     

江浙地区葡萄霜霉病菌的致病性差异研究

为明确江苏、浙江不同地区葡萄霜霉病菌的致病性分化情况,采用单斑分离法和叶盘接种法,对分离得到的不同葡萄霜霉病菌单斑菌株进行致病性测定。结果表明,分离获得的80个葡萄霜霉病菌株都有致病性,且2个省份均有半数以上的菌株的病情指数在40~60之间。致病力聚类分析表明,2个省份的菌株都可以聚类为强、中、弱3种致病力类型,江苏以强致病力菌株为优势菌株,浙江以中等致病力菌株为优势菌株。对同一省份的菌株进行致病力分析发现,江苏树山和浙江永福的菌株致病力明显强于同省其他地区,而江苏新坊和浙江上钱的菌株与同省其他地区相比,致病力最弱。同时,构建菌株的系统发育树,结果显示,同源性相同的菌株间有致病力不同的情况,致病力相同的菌株间也存在rDNA-ITS序列有差异的情况。综上,江苏、浙江的葡萄霜霉病菌都存在致病力分化现象,这种分化现象与菌株的亲缘关系远近没有相关性,但同一省份不同地区间的菌株致病力差异与菌株的地理来源有一定的相关性。     

免耕和稻草还田对稻田土壤肥力和水稻产量的影响

为了明确稻草还田和免耕等保护性耕作措施对土壤肥力和水稻产量的影响,自2008年于广西大学农学院科研基地进行长期定位试验,设置免耕（NT）、免耕+稻草覆盖还田（NT-SMR）、常规耕作+稻草覆盖还田（CT-SMR）、常规耕作（CT）和常规耕作+稻草翻压还田（CT-SR）5个处理,于2018年水稻成熟期测定产量,水稻收获后分层（0~5、5~10和10~20cm）测定土壤肥力。结果表明,稻田不同土层肥力指标均存在显著性差异,总体上表现为0~5、5~10和10~20cm土层的有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量依次下降。NT-SMR处理显著提高了0~5cm土层的有机碳、全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量,但降低了土壤速效钾含量。在5~10和10~20cm土层,稻草还田处理的有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均优于无稻草还田处理。水稻产量与土壤肥力呈显著正相关。2016年CT-SR处理水稻产量在早季分别比NT和CT处理显著提高了8.52%和7.99%,在晚季分别显著提高了12.12%和7.55%;2018年NT-SMR处理的水稻产量在早季分别比NT和CT处理显著提高了17.78%和10.30%,在晚季分别显著提高了13.88%和19.39%。因此,免耕和稻草还田能明显提高稻田耕作层土壤肥力,增加稻谷产量。     

美国奶业新特点、新趋势及对中国的启示

美国奶业发展历史悠久,其生产端、消费端乃至流通贸易方面长期积累的丰富经验,对中国奶业振兴具有一定的参考价值。笔者对2000年以来美国奶业生产、价格、消费、贸易等方面所呈现的新特点进行分析,对奶业相关的支持政策及其变化趋势进行梳理。研究发现,近年来,美国奶牛场数量向北部和西部集中,500头以上规模化牧场成为主流,奶牛存栏增加;技术进步推动奶牛单产突破10 t,生鲜乳产量接近1亿t。基于分级定价的乳成分定价机制不断完善,近5年生鲜乳价格低位运行,2019年快速复苏。乳制品加工业向龙头企业集中,奶酪是主要加工产品。乳制品消费逐年增长,年人均消费量达292.90 kg,奶酪是主要增长点且增速加快。乳制品贸易波动增加,出口目的地集中在北美、东亚和东南亚地区,品类以奶粉、奶酪和乳清为主。奶业产业支持政策广泛涵盖生产、消费、贸易等各环节,各政策间功能互补、协调配套,形成了强大的政策合力与综合效能。美国奶业在产业组织、运行机制、政策配套等方面的经验与做法,对推动完善中国奶业利益联结机制、优化生鲜乳价格形成机制、完善奶业支持政策体系和培育乳制品消费习惯等方面具有重要启示。     

黄河故道区域不同种植模式及秸秆还田方式对土壤的改良效果

由于长期受到流水冲击,黄河故道区域农田以中低产田为主,因此本区域农田质量提升成为黄河中下游平原绿色发展的重要研究课题。在河南濮阳清丰地区秸秆还田方式的基础上,选取黄河故道区域广泛种植的小麦、玉米和花生三大主要农作物,于2009年进行4种种植模式长期定位试验：小麦-玉米、小麦-花生、小麦-玉米-小麦-花生和单季花生,其中小麦和玉米秸秆全部还田,花生秸秆不还田,探究不同种植模式对土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田量越多,土壤有机质含量提高越多,小麦-花生、小麦-玉米-小麦-花生种植模式下土壤有机质含量最高,且其土壤含水量也显著高于其他处理,上层土壤容重有所降低,显著改善了土壤砂质化,提升了土壤的蓄水能力;秸秆还田量较大的种植模式的养分保持能力明显提高,养分含量显著增加;微生物群落结构对不同种植模式响应结果为,花生可以显著提升微生物丰度,微生物群落多样性随种植作物类型的增加而增加。因此,小麦-玉米-小麦-花生种植模式较为适宜濮阳清丰黄河故道区域,有利于土壤改良和区域农业的可持续发展。