樟子松梢小卷蛾产卵器、复眼和口器感受器的扫描电镜观察

为了研究樟子松梢小卷蛾Rhyacionia pinicolana (Doubleday)（鳞翅目:卷蛾科）的产卵器、复眼和口器上感受器的外部形态、类型和分布特点,从野外采集被害的樟子松侧枝,在室内培养出樟子松梢小卷蛾成虫,通过QUANTA-200型扫描电镜对其进行了观察。观察表明,在樟子松梢小卷蛾产卵器、复眼和口器上共有4种类型感受器,分别是着生于产卵器上的毛形感受器(STⅠ,STⅡ,STⅣ),着生于口器上的毛形感受器Ⅲ型(STⅢ)、栓锥形感受器(SS)和腔锥感受器(coe),着生于复眼上的锥形感受器(SBa)。樟子松梢小卷蛾上观察到的这4种类型的感受器,在形态、类型和分布上,与其他鳞翅目昆虫相同部位观察到的不尽相同。     

Mapping QTL of Fiber Yield and Quality Traits in F2 Populations of Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines from Gossypium hirsutum × Gossypium barbadense

In this study, F₂ populations from two chromosome segment substitution lines MBI7455 and MBI7358, were quantified using SSR to evaluate the parents' genotype and detect QTL related to fiber quality plus yield traits of cotton. Results show that the recurrent parent (CCRI45) hosted 96.70% and 95.60% of chromosome segment substitution in MBI7455 with 12 chromosome segments and in MBI7358 with 16 chromosome substitution segments of Gossypium barbadense, respectively. In the F₂ population, the average rate of chromosome substitution of the recurrent parent (CCRI45) was 96.44%, and the average segments of chromosome substitution of Gossypium barbadense was 13.42, with an average segments of homozygous donor chromosome value of 3.90. Analysis showed 19 fiber quality-related QTL with a phenotypic variance of between 2.52%-13.11% and seven yield traits-related QTL with a range of 2.93%-11.40% phenotypic variance, resulting in a total of 26 QTL. The CSSLs could be used to detect QTL for fiber yield and quality traits, which offer an important foundation for the cotton molecular-assisted breeding.     

棉花单核苷酸多态性标记研究进展

单核苷酸多态性标记已在农作物研究中得到广泛应用并取得重大进展。为了便利棉花SNP(Single nucleotide polymorphism)标记的研究和应用,介绍了利用基因芯片、简化基因组测序、重测序等在棉花中开发SNP标记的方法 ,综述了SNP标记在棉花遗传图谱构建、数量位点的定位和分子标记辅助育种、基因组测序以及系统进化等研究中的应用。并对异源四倍体棉花中SNP标记开发时,同源序列位点和部分同源序列位点上的SNP标记辨别问题进行了系统探讨,对其快捷的开发、检测方式和在数量基因定位中的应用前景进行了展望。     

硼对平邑甜茶幼苗硝态氮吸收、利用及分配特性的影响

以平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,运用~(15)N同位素示踪和非损伤微测技术,研究了不同供硼(硼酸0、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0和6.0 mg·L~(-1))水平对平邑甜茶根系生长及氮素吸收、利用和分配特性的影响。结果表明,3.0 mg·L~(-1)硼酸处理的幼苗根系活力及根系形态指标显著高于其他处理,幼苗的全氮量及~(15)N吸收量增幅最大,分别比对照提高了19.4%和75.0%。随供硼水平的增加,植株氮素利用率呈现先增高后降低的趋势,在3.0 mg·L~(-1)硼酸处理时最大,为14.8%,是对照的1.8倍。施硼处理对幼苗的~(15)N分配率有一定的影响,3.0 mg·L~(-1)硼酸处理的根系~(15)N分配率达到最大,且显著高于对照。非损伤微测结果显示,3.0 mg·L~(-1)硼酸处理时,平邑甜茶根系对NO_3~-有强烈吸收且内流速度达到最大,在缺硼和高硼(硼酸0和6.0 mg·L~(-1))处理时有明显外排趋势。因此,3.0 mg·L~(-1)硼酸处理最有利于平邑甜茶根系的生长、根系活力的提高和氮素的吸收利用,而低硼和过量供硼均会抑制根系生长及氮素的吸收利用。     

Variation of Color and Ray Pattern in Juvenile Shells in Hatchery‐produced Freshwater Triangle Pearl Mussels,Hyriopsis cumingii,in China

The variation and inheritance of juvenile shell color and pigmentation pattern in the freshwater mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii, were reported in 1‐yr‐old progeny of eight families. There were three distinctive phenotypes of shell color and pigmentation patterns observed, including a greenish‐brown shell with radial rays, yellowish‐brown shell with radial rays, and yellowish‐brown shell without radial rays. There were no greenish‐brown individuals without radial rays. The shell color phenotypes showed variation with the growth in juvenile Stage I (1–3 cm in shell length), and the percentage of individuals with radial rays increased once they reached a shell length of 11 mm and then stabilized after reaching 20 mm in shell length. Shell color differentiation became more apparent at a shell length of 26 mm. Results of chi‐square tests of the segregation ratio of shell color or ray phenotypes obtained from eight families at juvenile Stage II (6–9 cm in shell length) suggested that greenish‐brown is controlled by a dominant allele (G) and yellowish‐brown‐shell phenotype is by a recessive allele (y); the ray pattern phenotype is controlled by a recessive (r) and a dominant allele (R) at a single locus. Shell color phenotypes may be a useful genetic marker for future selective breeding of triangle pearl mussels.     

非洲猪瘟自然弱毒株演变进程

自2018年非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)传入中国以来疫情得到了有效控制。但2021年以后,我国的ASF流行情况出现了新的变化,临床中出现了“自然变异株”。这些毒株可能导致感染后临床症状不典型,容易与其他疫病混淆等问题。这与国外的流行演变规律一致,即当ASF在一个国家或地区流行较长时间后,其临床表现将由急性发病转变为缓慢发病或出现新的临床表现。经过多年的观察积累,国外已经对该病毒的流行规律特别是自然弱毒株的演变进程有了大量记载,但国内目前尚无这方面的描述。为此,就ASF自然弱毒株的演变进程进行综述,从而提出加强血清学诊断产品研发、加快产业化报批进程、适时开展血清学监测追溯等建议,以期为我国ASF科学防控提供参考。     

包虫病宣传片《格桑花开》宣传效果评估

《格桑花开》是首次以情景剧形式进行人兽共患病防治宣传而拍摄的科普影片。影片开播后,各省组织农牧民,通过集中播放或自行观看等方式进行防治知识宣传。为评价《格桑花开》的宣传干预效果,播放1年后,在新疆、青海、甘肃、四川4省区抽取农牧民进行包虫病防控知识、态度、行为问卷调查。结果显示:与干预前的基线调查相比,养殖户的包虫病防治相关知识、态度和行为平均得分分别上升了8.4%、16.5%和15.2%,各调查省区干预后的平均得分均有提升。结果表明,在文化水平偏低、少数民族语言使用较多的地区,用情景剧方式对动物疫病进行防治宣传教育效果较好。     

全球基因I型非洲猪瘟病毒流行与疫苗研究进展

非洲猪瘟病毒已在我国定殖并形成较大污染面,国内样品中发现基因I型非洲猪瘟病毒,提示当前临床中实际流行的病毒种群更加复杂。基因I型毒株从1957年传入葡萄牙后,研究人员就开始对其进行研究。多年来,国外对基因I型毒株的流行分布情况特别是弱毒疫苗进行了大量研究,但国内目前尚无这方面的分析讨论。为此,作者就基因I型非洲猪瘟病毒流行与疫苗研究现状进行综述,以期为我国非洲猪瘟的科学防控提供参考。