棉苜间作棉田天敌群落结构与动态及其对棉蚜的控制效应

采取不同的棉苜间作方式,研究了棉苜间作棉田天敌群落结构及种群动态规律、棉蚜与天敌的消长动态,以及棉苜间作对棉田蚜虫的控制效应。与常规单种棉田相比,间作苜蓿棉田内的瓢虫、蜘蛛、草蛉种群数量大幅度增长,尤以每隔1膜间作75cm苜蓿带处理区为甚,分别增长了318.0%、120.9%和79.6%。间作或邻作苜蓿的棉田天敌群落的物种丰富度、丰富度指数及多样性指数均高于常规单种棉田,表明间作和邻作苜蓿带并适时刈割,可以提高棉田内天敌群落的丰富度和多样性。刈割苜蓿带对棉田棉蚜及瓢虫类、蜘蛛类和草蛉类天敌的数量动态影响较大。在棉蚜上升初期刈割苜蓿带,使棉田内瓢虫类、蜘蛛类和草蛉类天敌数量急剧上升,棉蚜数量大幅下降,从而有效地控制了棉田棉蚜的暴发。     

棉花喷施植物基因活化剂防早衰保丰收初探

近几年,棉花早衰现象普遍发生,并有逐年加重趋势,棉花产量和品质大大降低,棉花早衰的原因十分复杂,由于棉花生长中后期,根系和叶片功能活力下降,如遇不良环境条件及栽培管理措施不到位都会出现早衰,应引起广大棉农的高度重视。防止棉花早衰的措施很多,要根据具体原因灵活针对性     

湖北和安徽省油菜病毒病调查和病毒血清鉴定

2003年秋至2005年春2个油菜生长季分别到湖北和安徽2省12县市油菜产区进行病毒病发病情况调查,除局部地区和地块发病率达到20%～40%,多数大面积油菜发病率在0.1%以下。应用间接酶联免疫吸附法检测258份病害样品,TuMV占样品总数的90.7%,CMV占样品总数的8.9%,ORMV占样品总数的0.8%。     

利用家蚕蛹人工繁殖自蛾周氏啮小蜂的研究

初步研究了利用家蚕蛹大量繁殖白蛾周氏啮小蜂的可行性。观察了白蛾周氏啮小蜂在家蚕蛹上的发育历期,子代蜂的寿命及飞行能力,认为繁蜂的最佳蜂蛹比为15～20∶1;4次接蜂结果显示,周氏啮小蜂可以利用家蚕蛹连续繁殖,单蛹出蜂量及单雌产卵量均较高;利用家蚕蛹繁殖的白蛾周氏啮小蜂对国槐尺蛾蛹寄生率为76.7%,表明利用家蚕蛹繁殖的子代蜂对其他寄主具有较强的寄生能力。     

二温式多重RT-PCR同删两种主要兰花病毒的研究

根据建兰花叶病毒(Cymbidium mosaic virus,Cy MV)和齿兰环斑病毒(Odontoglossum ringspot virus,ORSV)两种主要兰花病毒的保守序列设计特异性引物,建立了二温式多重RT-PCR同时检测两种病毒的检测方法。用该方法对感染两种病毒的植株总RNA模板进行扩增,结果同时得到2条大小与实验设计相符的769bp(Cy MV)、1000bp(ORSV)的特异性扩增带。用该方法对随机抽取的39个蝴蝶兰样品进行检测,结果11个样品检测出Cy MV,阳性率28.2%;24个样品检测出ORSV,阳性率61.5%;6个样品同时检测出两种病毒。     

两种氮肥用量对超级稻产量性状和病虫害发生的影响

以6个超级杂交稻组合为材料,初步研究了两种氮肥用量条件下对水稻产量性状和病虫害发生的影响。结果表明,施纯氮360 kg/hm²与施纯氮180 kg/hm²相比,水稻单位面积的有效穗数增加,单株的每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重下降,1 hm²稻田减产6.2%～10.3%。氮肥施用量过高,造成水稻生育后期稻纵卷叶螟、褐飞虱、水稻纹枯病和烟煤病危害加重,尤其是易引起腐生性煤炱菌的滋长。     

番茄溃疡病菌PCR快速检测技术

番茄溃疡病是一种严重危害番茄生产的细菌性病害，许多国家将其列为检疫性病害。利用ITS通用引物扩增了番茄溃疡病菌（Clavibacter michiganensis subsp．michiganensis）的ITS序列，并进行克隆测序。根据序列比较结果设计了引物BT1和BT2，该引物特异性好，能专一扩增出268bp电泳条带，而马铃薯环腐病菌等不同亚种、不同属的细菌及健康的番茄材料均无扩增条带。从接种但未显症番茄苗叶片及人工模拟染菌种子上提取总DNA，以此为模板均能稳定地扩增出特异性目的条带。该方法直接对种子或植株进行检测，不需进行病原菌分离培养，快速简便，适用于出入境检验检疫及种苗健康检测领域。     

Genetic analysis of an attenuated <Emphasis Type="Italic">Papaya ringspot virus</Emphasis> strain applied for cross-protection

Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) HA 5-1, a nitrous acid-induced mild mutant of severe strain HA, widely applied for control of PRSV by cross-protection, was used to study the genetic basis of attenuation. Using infectious clones, a series of recombinants was generated between HA 5-1 and HA and their infectivity was analyzed on the systemic host papaya and the local lesion host Chenopodium quinoa. The recombinants that contained mutations in P1 and HC-Pro genes caused attenuated infection on papaya without conspicuous symptoms, similar to HA 5-1. The recombination and sequence analyses strongly implicated two amino acid changes in the C-terminal region of P1 and two in HC-Pro of HA 5-1 involved in the attenuated infection on papaya. The recombinants that infected C. quinoa plants without local lesions contained the same mutations in the C-terminal region of HC-Pro for attenuated infection on papaya. We conclude that both P1 and HC-Pro bear important pathogenicity determinants for the infection on the systemic host papaya and that the mutations in HC-Pro affecting pathogenicity on papaya are also responsible for the inability to induce hypersensitive reaction on C. quinoa.     

Detection and identification of the phytoplasma associated with pear decline in Taiwan

Pear decline (PD) is an important phytoplasmal disease that occurs mainly in Europe and North America. In 1994, pear trees exhibiting symptoms typical of PD disease were observed in orchards of central Taiwan. The sequence of 16S rDNA and 16S–23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) of the causative agent of pear decline in Taiwan (PDTW) were amplified with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a DNA template prepared from the diseased leaves. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA revealed that the PDTW agent was closely related to the phytoplasmas of the apple proliferation group that cause diseases in stone fruits, pear and apple. Consistent with the result of 16S rDNA sequence analysis, sequence analysis of the 16S–23S rDNA ISR and putative restriction site analyses of 16S rDNA and 16S–23S rDNA ISR sequences provided further support for the view that the PDTW phytoplasma causing pear decline in Taiwan may represent a new subgroup of the apple proliferation group. According to the rDNA sequence of PDTW phytoplasma, two specific PCR primer pairs, APf2/L1n and fPD1/rPDS1, were designed in this study for the detection of the etiological agent in pear trees and insect vectors. Based on the sequence analyses of the PCR-amplified fragments, two species of pear psyllas, Cacopsylla qianli and Cacopsylla chinensis, were found to carry PDTW phytoplasma.