Human-wildlife conflicts influence attitudes but not necessarily behaviors: Factors driving the poaching of bears in China

Human-wildlife conflicts often spur retaliatory killing, which may be a major threat to some wildlife species. Asiatic black bears depredate crops and livestock and also attack humans. We investigated whether human–bear conflicts in Sichuan Province, southwestern China, resulted in increased bear poaching. We conducted semi-structured interviews within 429 15 × 15-km cells across the province, asking villagers about bear occurrence, population trends, attitudes toward bears, human–bear conflicts, responses to bear damage, and bear poaching. Bears raided crops (n = 174 cells), killed livestock (n = 114 cells), and attacked people (n = 49 cells). Fifty percent and 43% of villagers held negative and neutral attitudes toward bears, respectively; attitudes were more negative among people who had previous interactions with bears or lived where bear encounters were more likely. Although killing bears was illegal, villagers in 117 cells (38%) indicated that bear poaching occurred around their villages. However, killing bears was not significantly linked to damage: indeed, killing was more common in areas without human–bear conflicts. Poachers killed bears mainly for trade of their valuable parts (gall bladder and paws, 78.5%). Tibetan people experienced bear damage and also had negative attitudes toward bears, but reported less poaching than Han or Yi people, due to their religious beliefs. Our study indicated that human-wildlife conflicts shaped people’s attitudes toward bears, but strong economic incentives, not attitudes, prompted illegal killing. Whereas mitigation of human–bear conflicts could help foster more positive attitudes toward bears and the nature reserves that protect bears, this strategy will not remove the primary threat against this species.     

黔中废弃煤矿区酸性排水污染特征及对作物种苗生长的影响

通过对贵阳市花溪区麦坪乡废弃煤矿区酸性排水进行样品收集与分析,探讨煤矿酸性排水的污染特征及对作物种苗生长的影响。研究结果表明,在煤矿附近50～350m距离内溪沟水pH变化达2.35～6.3,污染物主要以SO24-、Fe、Mn为主;矸石堆洼地蓄积水完全抑制两种植物的萌发;距井口50m溪沟水和距井口30m农田水处理油菜都表现为种子发芽后发霉死亡;距井口100m处溪沟水和距井口30m农田水处理油菜和水稻的种子发芽率、幼苗鲜重和干重、发芽指数和简化活力指数与对照（蒸馏水处理）之间均存在极显著差异（P〈0.01）。煤矿酸性排水胁迫下,水稻各项指标变幅低于油菜,说明物种耐性强度为水稻〉油菜。     

SYBR Green I荧光定量PCR法检测朗德鹅填饲前后黑素皮质素受体-4基因(MC4R)的表达

黑素皮质素受体4基因(MC4R)在各组织中的不同表达对于鹅脂肪代谢具有重要作用.本研究应用强制填饲技术建立腹型肥胖朗德鹅(Casuarius casuarius)模型,提取填饲后及正常朗德鹅新鲜腹脂、肝脏等13种组织的总RNA,SYBR GreenI荧光定量PCR法检测各组织MC4R基因的表达,选择β-actin作为内参基因,使用半定量2-△△Ct法分析.PCR结果显示,MC4R基因及β-actin在填饲前后朗德鹅心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺、肾脏、肌胃、小肠、胰腺、脑、胸肌、腿肌、腹脂、皮下脂等13种组织中均存在不同程度表达.SYBR Green I荧光定量PCR结果表明,在肾、小肠和心这3个组织中,填饲后朗德鹅MC4R表达量均比对照组中朗德鹅该基因表达量低,填饲后分别为填饲前表达量的0.41±1.80、0.65±5.75和0.72±1.22倍.而在其他组织中,MC4R基因表达量均有不同程度的增加,填饲组/对照组相对表达量倍数由高到低顺序分别为:22.78±1.00倍(脑),9.08±2.80倍(肝),5.28±1.83倍(肺),3.78±3.01倍(胰),3.07±3.64倍(腿肌),2.90±0.97倍(胃),2.34±1.66倍(皮下脂肪),2.18±3.01倍(腹脂),2.07±0.37倍(胸肌),2.01±1.75倍(脾).结果符合MC4R作用机理,为畜牧生产及人类肥胖问题的研究提供间接依据.     

任务驱动教学法在高职院校实践教学中的应用

任务驱动教学法是以构建主义学习理论为基础,主要突出了学生的主体地位,强调教师的引导作用。以高职院校计算机应用基础课程为实例,研究了任务驱动教学法在其实践教学中的应用。在课程的教学过程中,通过任务的分解,师生共同完成了每个项目任务的教学活动,使课堂教学的质量得到更大幅度的提高,获得了更好的教学效果。     

青钱柳种质资源多样性SRAP初步分析

为了利用分子标记方法评价青钱柳种质资源的遗传多样性,本文对青钱柳DNA的提取、SRAP扩增体系重要参数进行了优化,运用优化体系筛选多态性引物,并用1对引物对青钱柳9个种源进行了遗传多样性初步分析。研究结果建立了适于青钱柳SRAP的扩增体系;从110对SRAP引物中筛选出了13对多态性引物,运用1对引物组合Me7＋Em2扩增获得21个多态性位点,多态率达100%。遗传多样性分析表明有效等位基因数（Ne）为1.3429,平均Shannon＇s信息指数（I）为0.3687,Nei＇s基因多样性指数（H）为0.2267,种源的遗传分化指数Gst为0.1983;聚类分析结果表明9个种源在遗传距离0.100处聚为3类,聚类结果和地理距离之间呈现较高的相关性。本文的研究结果表明所建立的青钱柳种质资源库具有广泛的遗传多样性,为进一步的开发利用提供了条件。     

施肥模式对双季稻产量、养分吸收及经济效益的影响

水旱轮作田间定位试验条件下研究了连续4年（20052008）不同施肥模式对双季稻产量、养分吸收及经济效益的影响。结果表明,氮磷钾肥配施能显著提高水稻产量,长期有机无机肥配施增产效果明显。定位4年后,有机无机肥配施处理早稻和晚稻平均产量分别比未施肥处理增产135%和130%。随着产量的增加,稻草与稻谷中氮、磷和钾养分吸收量呈增大的趋势,表明水稻植株养分吸收量与稻谷产量呈显著正相关。不同施肥模式显著影响水稻稻草、稻谷中的氮、磷、钾养分含量。氮磷钾肥配施处理,特别是有机无机肥配施处理稻谷的养分吸收量最高,在土壤中的氮、磷盈余也最少。肥料配施虽增加了支出,但提高了经济产出,其纯收益相对较高,以有机无机肥配施处理的纯收益最高。双季稻生产实践中,有机无机肥配施模式值得推荐且需合理增施磷、钾肥。     

Comparison of biological parameters between the invasive B biotype and a new defined Cv biotype of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis> (Hemiptera: Aleyradidae) in China

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a widely distributed and destructive agricultural pest on various host plants. The biology of two biotypes of B. tabaci: the invasive B and a new defined Cv biotype, on a range of host plants (hibiscus, laurel, poinsettia, collard, cucumber and tomato) were studied in the laboratory. Results revealed that the developmental periods of the B biotype immatures were not significantly different on the tested host plants except those between laurel and collard. The Cv biotype immatures developed significantly slower on cucumber and tomato than on the other plants. B. tabaci B biotype had the highest survivorship on collard (68.55%), and the lowest on laurel (33.24%), while the Cv biotype had the highest and lowest survivorships on laurel (61.63%) and tomato (36.74%). Host plants did not significantly affect the pre-ovipostion period regardless of biotype. The longest averaged longevity and highest fecundity of B biotype were both recorded on collard: 25.15 days and 143.0 eggs. The highest fecundity of Cv biotype was 196.49 eggs on laurel and its longest longevity was on hibiscus (19.62 days). The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r _m) of B biotype on the three vegetables were all higher than those on the three ornamentals whereas the r _m of Cv biotype on the three ornamentals were all higher that those on the three vegetables. Our research indicates that B. tabaci B and Cv biotypes have different host plant suitabilities. The three tested vegetables were more suitable for B biotype while the three tested ornamental plants were more suitable for Cv biotype. The potential mechanism for the different suitability of B and Cv biotypes on various host plants is also discussed.     

Health Assessment Indicator System for Larch Plantation in Jin’gouling Forest Farm, Jilin Province

For the healthy management of plantation, a health assessment indicator system was designed at forest stand scale for the larch plantation in Jin'ouling Forest Farm, Wangqing Forestry Bureau, Jilin Province. The system consisted of 3 categories—forest structure, external interferences and management objectives, with 15 indicators. The results showed that: 1) the assessment indicator system was scientific and rational for different age groups of larch plantations; 2) both the half-mature larch plantation and...     

排灌输水隧洞正常水深的简捷算法

为了使标准城门洞形断面正常水深的求解具有简单的显函数计算公式,对标准城门洞形断面正常水深的基本方程进行恒等变形,将水面位于底角圆弧段和顶弧段正常水深的超越方程以及水面位于侧边直线段正常水深的高次方程,变成无量纲化正常水深与已知量综合参数的单变量函数方程.引入准线性函数的概念并将准线性函数作为标准模板,再对正常水深的单变量函数方程应用准线性函数标准模板,在工程常用范围即无量纲化正常水深y∈[0.051,.80]范围内进行优化计算及准线性函数逼近,得到了超越方程和高次方程的替代函数方程,替代函数具有类似于线性函数形式,即正常水深的准线性显函数表达式,并进行误差分析.结果表明,在隧洞底部圆弧段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.36%,侧边直线段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.31%,顶弧段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.39%,说明准线性公式在隧洞有效水深范围内计算的水深准确度较高,可为排灌输水隧洞的断面设计及实现渠道水位控制时确定均匀流水深提供参考.     

Selenium-containing allophycocyanin purified from selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis attenuates AAPH-induced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes through inhibition of ROS generation

Both selenium and allophycocyanin (APC) have been reported to show novel antioxidant activities. In this study, a fast protein liquid chromatographic method for purification of selenium-containing allophycocyanin (Se-APC) from selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis and the protective effect of Se-APC on 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative stress have been described. After fractionation by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and separation by DEAE-Sepharose ion-exchange and Sephacryl S-300 size exclusion chromatography, Se-APC with purity ratio (A652/A280) of 5.30 and Se concentration of 343.02 μg g(-1) protein was obtained. Se-APC exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than APC by scavenging ABTS (2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) and AAPH free radicals. The oxidative hemolysis and morphological changes induced by AAPH in human erythrocytes were effectively reversed by coincubation with Se-APC. Lipid oxidation induced by the pro-oxidant agent cupric chloride in human plasma, as evaluated by formation of conjugated diene, was blocked by Se-APC. The accumulation of malondialdehyde, loss of reduced glutathione, and increase in enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase and reductase induced by AAPH in human erythrocytes were effectively suppressed by Se-APC. Furthermore, Se-APC significantly prevented AAPH-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Taken together, our results suggest that Se-APC demonstrates application potential in treatment of diseases in which excess production of ROS acts as a casual or contributory factor.